Fig. 3.

Rapid evolution of benzoxazinoid resistance and infectivity in nematodes exposed to the WCR. (A) Infectivity of F1 nematodes reared on the WCR (WCR+; blue) or the BCB (purple) for 1 generation, exposed to WCR larvae fed on WT or bx1 mutant plants. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments (false discovery rate corrected least square means, P < 0.05). (B) Infectivity of F5 nematodes reared on the WCR (WCR+; blue) or the BCB (purple) for 5 generations and exposed to WCR larvae fed on WT or bx1 mutant plants. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments (false discovery rate corrected P < 0.05). Significant changes (*P < 0.05) in infectivity between F1 and F5 nematodes are indicated by asterisks. (C and D) Impact of physiologically relevant doses of HDMBOA-Glc (150 µg/mL) and MBOA (25 µg/mL) on nematode mortality. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments (false discovery rate corrected P < 0.05). (E) Impact of physiological doses of MBOA-Glc (3 µg/mL) on nematode attraction. Asterisks indicate a significant effect of MBOA-Glc (P < 0.001). EMMeans and SEs derived from statistical models (Dataset S1) are shown. (F–H) Linear correlations between benzoxazinoid dependent infectivity (data from B) and in vitro benzoxazinoid resistance (data from C–E). R² and P values of linear regressions are shown. Dashed regression lines are drawn for significant correlations.