Table 3.

Contribution of HO-1 up-regulation to the biological effects of Ginkgo biloba in preclinical in vitro and in vivo models.

Preclinical model	G. biloba (concentration or dose)	Effect(s)	Reference(s)
Myoblasts	25–100 µg/mL	Cytoprotection from alcohol-induced oxidative damage	(Wang et al., 2015)
Endothelial cells	50–200 µg/mL	Endothelial protection from high-glucose- or TNF-α–induced vascular oxidative damage; cytoprotection against cigarette smoke-induced apoptosis in lungs	(Hsu et al., 2009; Chen et al., 2011; Tsai et al., 2013)
Macrophages	1–100 µg/mL	Inhibition of inflammatory damage in LPS-treated cells; regulation of cholesterol homeostasis and reduction in atherosclerosis lesion size	(Tsai et al., 2010; Ryu et al., 2012)
Ethanol-induced liver damage in rats	48 or 96 mg/kg intragastric for 90 days	Reduction of oxidative damage and improvement of ethanol-induced microvesicular steatosis and parenchimatous degeneration in hepatocytes	(Yao et al., 2007)

LPS, lipopolysaccharide; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.