Table 1.
Participants’ characteristics according to their self-rated health (n = 4521)
| Self-rated health | pa | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Lower than or equal to 5 (n = 2356) | Higher than 5 (n = 2165) | ||
| Age (years) | 57.3 (± 5.86) | 57.7 (± 6.08) | 0.04 |
| Sex (male, %) | 875 (37.1%) | 888 (41.0%) | < 0.01 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.9 (± 4.17) | 25.2 (± 3.57) | < 0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 141.7 (± 19.8) | 139.7 (± 17.7) | < 0.001 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.17 (± 0.99) | 4.16 (± 0.96) | 0.78 |
| Smoker (%) | 670 (28.4%) | 498 (23.0%) | < 0.0001 |
| Anti-hypertensive medication (%) | 439 (18.6%) | 235 (10.9%) | < 0.0001 |
| High alcohol consumption (%) | 94 (3.99%) | 64 (2.96%) | 0.06 |
| High education (%) | 646 (27.4%) | 615 (28.4%) | 0.46 |
| Living alone (%) | 579 (24.6%) | 462 (21.3%) | < 0.01 |
| Low physical activity (%) | 603 (25.6%) | 466 (21.5%) | < 0.01 |
| Diabetes (%) | 212 (9.00%) | 130 (6.00%) | < 0.001 |
| Comorbidity (%)b | 841 (35.7%) | 517 (23.9%) | < 0.0001 |
| Sleep duration per day (%) | |||
| ≤ 6 h | 332 (14.1%) | 181 (8.36%) | < 0.0001 |
| 6–8 h | 1250 (53.1%) | 1233 (57.0%) | < 0.01 |
| ≥ 8 h | 774 (32.9%) | 751 (34.7%) | 0.19 |
| Unemployment (%) | 111 (4.71%) | 86 (3.97%) | 0.22 |
| Psychiatric medication (%) | 163 (6.92%) | 42 (1.94%) | < 0.0001 |
Values expressed are means (± standard deviation) or percentages
aAnalysis of variance or logistic regression analysis
bComorbidity included ventricular ulcer, cancer, asthma/chronic bronchitis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and kidney stone