Fig. 5.

GAAP1/GAAP3 and MAPR3 mutation increased cell membrane permeability induced by ER stress. (A and B) Three-day-old seedlings that were vertically cultured were transferred to a new liquid medium containing different TM concentrations (0, 0.15, and 0.30 μg ml⁻¹). Root cells of Col, mapr3-2, gaap1mapr3, and gaap3mapr3 treated or not with TM for 48 h were stained by PI (A), and the fluorescence intensity of PI staining was determined by ImageJ software (B). Error bars represent the SD. Significant differences compared with Col plants are indicated by asterisks at the same TM concentration (t-test; *P<0.05, **11P<0.01, n≥20). (C) Sterile 7-day-old seedlings were vacuum infiltrated with 0.15 μg ml⁻¹ TM for 30 min, and the relative conductivity was determined at different times post-treatment. Data are expressed as means ±SD. Significant differences compared with Col plants at the same time are indicated by asterisks (Student's t-test, *P<0.05, n=5).