Table 2.
Summary of findings from our systematic review∗
| Number of publications (%), by year | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Before 2007 | 2007-2011 | 2012-2016 | |
| All | 16 | 23 | 61 |
| Region (World Health Organization) | Before 2007 | 2007-11 | 2012-16 |
| Africa | 6 (38) | 12 (52) | 39 (64) |
| Americas | 3 (19) | 5 (22) | 8 (13) |
| Eastern Mediterranean | 0 | 0 | 3 (5) |
| Europe | 0 | 0 | 2 (3) |
| Southeast Asia | 6 (38) | 8 (35) | 10 (16) |
| Western Pacific | 1 (6) | 1 (4) | 3 (5) |
| Health domain | Before 2007 | 2007-11 | 2012-16 |
| HIV/AIDS | 6 (38) | 7 (30) | 30 (49) |
| Vaccination | 5 (31) | 1 (4) | 7 (11) |
| Reproductive and maternal health | 3 (19) | 3 (13) | 12 (20) |
| Malaria | 0 | 4 (17) | 3 (5) |
| Other | 2 (13) | 8 (35) | 9 (15) |
| Number of delivery sites (total, across all countries in study) | Before 2007 | 2007-2011 | 2012-2016 |
| 5-9 | 2 (13) | 5 (22) | 16 (26) |
| 10-14 | 2 (13) | 6 (26) | 8 (13) |
| 15-19 | 7 (44) | 6 (26) | 6 (10) |
| 20+ | 5 (31) | 6 (26) | 30 (49) |
| Not reported | 0 | 0 | 1 (2) |
| Site sampling approach | Before 2007 | 2007-2011 | 2012-2016 |
| Simple random sampling | 2 (13) | 1 (4) | 4 (7) |
| Stratified random sampling | 7 (44) | 3 (13) | 14 (23) |
| Clustered random sampling | 3 (19) | 6 (26) | 11 (18) |
| Stratified and clustered random sampling | 2 (13) | 0 | 6 (10) |
| Purposive sampling | 6 (38) | 15 (65) | 34 (56) |
| Exhaustive sampling | 0 | 3 (13) | 12 (20) |
| Sampling approach not described | 0 | 2 (9) | 0 |
| Outcome measured | Before 2007 | 2007-2011 | 2012-2016 |
| Total costs (eg, for country or district) | 1 (6) | 7 (30) | 14 (23) |
| Cost per site | 5 (31) | 7 (30) | 16 (26) |
| Cost per person, service, or person-time of care | 15 (94) | 22 (96) | 57 (93) |
| Other | 4 (25) | 3 (13) | 1 (2) |
| Reported variation in site-level cost estimates | Before 2007 | 2007-2011 | 2012-2016 |
| Range | 4 (25) | 5 (22) | 11 (18) |
| Interquartile range | 0 | 2 (9) | 5 (8) |
| Standard deviation | 0 | 2 (9) | 8 (13) |
| All sampled values reported | 4 (25) | 2 (9) | 7 (11) |
| Other | 1 (6) | 1 (4) | 0 |
| Not reported | 8 (50) | 12 (52) | 37 (61) |
| Summary estimator of central tendency | Before 2007 | 2007-2011 | 2012-2016 |
| Simple average across sites | 5 (31) | 10 (43) | 19 (31) |
| Average across sites, weighted by volume | 10 (63) | 13 (57) | 24 (39) |
| Average across sites, weighted by other characteristics | 2 (13) | 2 (9) | 3 (5) |
| Average across sites, weighted by volume and other characteristics | 0 | 1 (4) | 5 (8) |
| Median across sites | 4 (25) | 6 (26) | 11 (18) |
| Simple average across individuals, sampled from multiple sites | 0 | 3 (13) | 6 (10) |
| Other | 5 (31) | 7 (30) | 8 (13) |
| Not described | 0 | 1 (4) | 11 (18) |
| Estimate of uncertainty in central tendency | Before 2007 | 2007-2011 | 2012-2016 |
| Reported | 1 (6) | 2 (9) | 9 (15) |
| Not reported | 15 (94) | 21 (91) | 52 (85) |
∗
Publications may be counted twice if they fit into more than 1 of the categories listed under a given heading. For example, a publication may be counted twice under the “Region” heading if it includes data from an African country and from a Southeast Asian country.