Table 1.
Characteristics of RCTs
| Study (Year) | N | Age | Intervention type | Control type | Substancetype | Time point(s)* | Emotion measures** | Time frame*** | Risk of bias**** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boß et al. (2018) | 434 | 47.47 | Affect-regulation | ST/TAU | Alcohol | PT | Anx/strs (DASS) | Week | Unclear |
| Dep (DASS) | Week | ||||||||
| FU (18w) | Anx/strs (DASS) | Week | |||||||
| Dep (DASS) | Week | ||||||||
| Bornovalova et al. (2012) | 52 | 42.01 | Affect-regulation | Non-specific | Others/all | PT | Dep (CES-D) | Week | Low |
| Carrico et al. (2015) | 21 | 41.1 | Affect-regulation | Non-specific | Others/all | PT | NE (DES) | Day | Unclear |
| PE (DES) | Day | ||||||||
| FU (16w) | NE (DES) | Day | |||||||
| PE (DES) | Day | ||||||||
| Lin et al. (2004) | 14 | 36.6 | Affect-regulation | Specific | Others/all | PT | Anx/strs (STAI) | Moment | Unclear |
| Dep (BDI) | Month | ||||||||
| Anx/strs (STAI) | Moment | ||||||||
| FU (16w) | Dep (BDI) | Month | |||||||
| Stasiewicz et al. (2013) | 77 | 45.7 | Affect-regulation | Non-specific | Alcohol | PT | NE (PANAS) | N/I | Low |
| Worden et al. (2017) | 41 | 38.5 | Affect-regulation | ST/TAU | Others/all | PT | Anx/strs (DASS) | Week | Unclear |
| FU (12w) | Anx/strs (DASS) | Week | |||||||
| Brewer et al. (2009) | 36 | 38.2 | Mindfulness | Active comparator | Others/all | PT | Anx/strs (DES) | Day | High |
| Garland et al. (2010) | 53 | 40.3 | Mindfulness | Non-specific | Alcohol | PT | Anx/strs (PSS) | Month | Unclear |
| Garland et al. (2014) | 115 | 48.34 | Mindfulness | Non-specific | Other/all | PT | NE (SOSI) | Week | Unclear |
| Anx/Strs (SOSI) | Week | ||||||||
| Dep (SOSI) | Week | ||||||||
| Glasner et al. (2017) | 63 | 45.3 | Mindfulness | Non-specific | Others/all | PT | Anx/strs (BAI) | Month | Low |
| Dep (BDI) | Month | ||||||||
| FU (4w) | Anx/strs (BAI) | Month | |||||||
| Dep (BDI) | Month | ||||||||
| Marcus et al. (2009) | 459 | 34.98 | Mindfulness | ST/TAU | Others/all | PT | Anx/strs (SOSI) | Week | High |
| FU (32w) | Anx/strs (SOSI) | Week | |||||||
| Price et al. (2012) | 46 | 39 | Mindfulness | ST/TAU | Others/all | PT | Anx/strs (PSS) | Month | Unclear |
| Dep (BSI) | Week | ||||||||
| NE (PANAS) | N/I | ||||||||
| PE (PANAS) | N/I | ||||||||
| FU (24w) | Anx/strs (PSS) | Month | |||||||
| Dep (BSI) | Week | ||||||||
| NE (PANAS) | N/I | ||||||||
| PE (PANAS) | N/I | ||||||||
| Rogojanski et al. (2011) | 61 | 40.34 | Mindfulness | Specific | Nicotine | FU (1w) | NE (PANAS) | N/I | Low |
| Dep (DASS) | Week | ||||||||
| Ruscio et al. (2015) | 44 | 52.27 | Mindfulness | Specific | Nicotine | PT | NE (PANAS) | N/I | Low |
| PE (PANAS) | N/I | ||||||||
| FU (2w) | NE (PANAS) | N/I | |||||||
| PE (PANAS) | N/I | ||||||||
| Spears et al. (2017) | 257 | 48.7 | Mindfulness | ST/TAU | Nicotine | PT | NE (PANAS) | N/I | Low |
| PE (PANAS) | N/I | ||||||||
| FU (23w) | Dep (CES-D) | ||||||||
| NE (PANAS) | |||||||||
| PE (PANAS) | |||||||||
| Witkiewitz et al. (2011) | 776 | 44 | Mindfulness | Non-specific | Alcohol | PT | NE (POMS) | Moment | Unclear |
| Witkiewitz & Bowen (2010) | 168 | 40.45 | Mindfulness | ST/TAU | Others/all | PT | Dep (BDI) | Month | Low |
| Week | |||||||||
| N/I | |||||||||
| N/I | |||||||||
| Hooten et al. (2014) | 60 | 42.7 | CBT | ST/TAU | Nicotine | PT | Dep (CES-D) | Week | Unclear |
| Lanza et al. (2014) | 32 | 34.35 | CBT | Waitlist | Others/all | PT | NE (ASI) | Month | Unclear |
| FU (24w) | NE (ASI) | Month | |||||||
| Magura et al. (1995) | 62 | 36.68 | CBT | ST/TAU | Others/all | PT | NE (PANAS) | N/I | Unclear |
| NE (POMS) | Moment | ||||||||
| PE (PANAS) | N/I | ||||||||
| Sundström et al. (2016) | 80 | 42.3 | CBT | Non-specific | Alcohol | PT | Anx/strs (HAD) | Week | Unclear |
| Dep (HAD) | Week | ||||||||
| Germeroth et al. (2017) | 87 | 47.51 | Other (Cue-exposure) | Specific | Nicotine | PT | NE (MF) | 3 weeks | Low |
| FU (4w) | NE (MF) | 3 weeks | |||||||
| Horigian et al. (2013) | 480 | 15.4 | Other (Family therapy) | ST/TAU | Others/all | PT | Anx/strs (DISC) | Month | Unclear |
| Dep (DISC) | Month | ||||||||
| Kahler et al. (2011) | 236 | 41.5 | Other (Brief alcohol intervention) | Non-specific | Nicotine | PT | Dep (CES-D) | Week | Unclear |
| FU (24w) | Dep (CES-D) | Week | |||||||
| Kropp et al. (2010) | 200 | 26.08 | Other (Motivational enhancement) | ST/TAU | Others/all | PT | Anx/Strs (own measure) | Week | Unclear |
| Marissen et al. (2007) | 127 | 33.6 | Others (Cue-exposure therapy) | Non-specific | Others/all | PT | NE (POMS) | Moment | Unclear |
| PE (POMS) | Moment | ||||||||
| Dep (POMS) | Moment | ||||||||
| Anx/Strs (POMS) | Moment | ||||||||
| Petry et al. (2013) | 393 | 35.71 | Other (Contingency management) | ST/TAU | Others/all | PT | Anx/strs (BSI) | Week | Unclear |
| Dep (BSI) | Week | ||||||||
| FU (24w) | Anx/strs (BSI) | Week | |||||||
| Dep (BSI) | Week | ||||||||
| Adams et al. (2014) | 399 | 42.44 | Other (Computer-based) | ST/TAU | Nicotine | PT | NE (PANAS) | Week | Unclear |
| PE (PANAS) | Week | ||||||||
| Dep (CES) | Week | ||||||||
| Azrin et al. (2008) | 56 | 15.4 | Other (Family therapy) | Active | Others/all | PT | Dep (BDI) | Month | Unclear |
| comparator | FU (24w) | Dep (BDI) | Month | ||||||
| Polcin et al. (2014) | 217 | 38.4 | Other (Motivational Interviewing) | Specific | Others/all | PT | Anx/strs (ASI) | Month | Unclear |
| Dep (ASI) | Month | ||||||||
| FU (16w) | Anx/strs (ASI) | Month | |||||||
| Dep (ASI) | Month |
Time point(s): information in parentheses refers to the length of time from the end of treatment to the final follow-up assessment; w: week
Emotion measures: ST/TAU: Standard Treatment/Treatment-As-Usual; Specific: Specific factors component control group; Non-specific: Non-specific factors component control group; PT: Post-Treatment; FU: Follow-Up; Anx/Strs: Anxiety/Stress; Dep: Depressive Symptoms; NE: Negative Emotion; PE: Positive Emotion; ASI: Addiction Severity Index––Psychiatric symptoms; BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; BSI: Brief Symptom Inventory; CES-D: Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression; DASS: Depression Anxiety Stress Scale; DES: Differential Emotions Scale; DISC: the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children; HAD: Hospital Anxiety and Depression; PANAS: Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule; POMS: Profile Of Mood States; PSS: Perceived Stress Scale; SOSI: Symptoms of Stress Inventory; STAI: the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; SSTAEI: State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory; N/I: not indicated.
Time frame: time frame refers to the specific amount of time indicated by emotion measures employed in each study for the reporting of emotions (e.g., “I have felt sad over the past month” vs. “I have felt sad over the past week”).
Risk of bias: RCTs were rated as having the following overall risk of bias using Cochrane Risk of Bias assessment tool: (a) low risk of bias if all domains were assessed as having low risk of bias; (b) unclear risk of bias if all domains were assessed as low or unclear risk of bias; and (c) high risk of bias if 1 or more domains were assessed as high risk of bias.