TABLE 3.

Characteristics of phenotypic tests for carbapenemase detection^a

Test method	Specific detection of OXA-48	Sensitivity/specificity (%)	Sensitivity for OXA-48 (%)	Com	Special equipment	Interpretation	Exper	TAT	Cost (U.S. dollars)	Ref
Inhibitor-based, MASTDISCS Combi Carba plus	Indirectly	100/91.1	100	Yes	No	Disk zone diam	Low	18–24 h		234
Carba NP test, RAPIDEC CARBA NP	No	97.8–99/98.5–100	93–96.3	Yes	No	Color change	Low	2.5 h	$10	244
Colorimetric, β-CARBA test	No	85.1/92.7	80.5b	Yes	No	Color change	Low	35 minb		258
mCIM, CLSI	No	97/99	100	No	No	Disk zone diam	Low	22 h	$1	244
rCIM	No	99/100	97.4	No	No	Disk zone diam	Low	2.5 h	$0.25	260
Lateral flow immunoassay, O.O.K. K-SeT	Yesc	OXA-48 and KPC only	100	Yes	No	Visible lines	Low	20 min	$11
Lateral flow immunoassay, NG-Test CARBA5	Yes	97.3/99.8	100	Yes	No	Visible lines	Low	20 min		268
Electrochemical assay, BYG Carba v2.0	No	96.3/99.7	97.2	No	Homemade potentiostat	Conductance signal with cutoff value	High	30 min	$2.5	270
Spectrophotometry	No	100/98.5	100	No	UV spectrophotometer	Absorbance slope with cutoff value	High	12–24 h	$2–3	271
MALDI-TOF MS, MBT STAR-Carba IVD	No	100/98.2	100	Yes	MALDI-TOF MS (Bruker)	Automatic interpretation by software	Low	55 min	?	280

^aCom, commercially available; Exper, expertise needed; TAT, turnaround time; Ref, reference.

^bA higher sensitivity for OXA-48 producers was reported when an extended incubation time (60 min) was used.

^cOXA-48 groups and OXA-163 groups can be separately detected.