TABLE 7.
Summary of the characteristics of Enterobacterales with OXA-48-like carbapenemases
| Enzyme | Country and yr of isolation | OXA-48 cluster | Geographical distribution | Bacteria | Genetic environment | Plasmids | Clonal dissemination |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OXA-48 | Turkey, 2004 | 48 | Regions of endemicity: Middle East (Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Oman, Iran, and Saudi Arabia), North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Egypt). Hospital outbreaks: Greece, Australia, Israel, UK, Netherlands, Ireland, Spain, France, Germany, Mexico, China, Belgium, Norway, Poland, Taiwan, South Africa, Croatia, and Slovenia. Case reports: global. | K. pneumoniae, E. coli, E. cloacae complex, C. freundii, S. marcescens, P. mirabilis, K. oxytoca, Kluyvera spp., Salmonella spp., P. aeruginosa | Tn1999 variants (1–5, with 2 the most common) Tn2016-like (rare) | IncL (common); others (A/C, IncF) very rare | K. pneumoniae: global, ST11, ST15, and ST147; UK, ST101; Poland, ST395; Spain, ST405. E. coli: global, ST38 with Tn6237 chromosomal integration, ST410. |
| OXA-181 | India, 2006 | 181 | Region of endemicity: Indian subcontinent (India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka). Hospital outbreaks: Nigeria, Angola, South Africa, São Tomé and Príncipe, Romania, and United Arab Emirates. Case reports: global. | K. pneumoniae, E. coli, E. cloacae complex, C. freundii, M. morganii, P. mirabilis, Aeromonas caviae | ISEcp1 within Tn2013 | ColE2, IncX3, IncN1, and IncT | K. pneumoniae: global, ST147; Canada, ST14; South Africa, ST307; USA, ST34 and ST43. E. coli: global, ST410. |
| OXA-232 | France, 2013 | 181 | Region of endemicity: India. Hospital outbreaks: South Korea, Mexico, USA, Brunei, and China. Case reports: global. |
K. pneumoniae, E. coli | ISEcp1 within truncated Tn2013 | ColE2-type | K. pneumoniae: Canada, ST14; South Korea, ST14 and ST15. |
| OXA-204 | Tunisia, 2013 | 48 | Tunisia and France | K. pneumoniae, E. coli, P. mirabilis, C. freundii, S. marcescens | ISEcp1 within Tn2016 | A/C type | K. pneumoniae ST147 and E. coli ST90 |
| OXA-162 | Turkey, 2008 | 48 | Turkey, Germany, Hungary, and Greece | K. pneumoniae, E. coli, C. freundii, R. ornithinolytica | Tn1999.2 | IncL | |
| OXA-244 | Spain, 2011 | 48 | Spain, Germany, Russia, France, Netherlands, UK | K. pneumoniae, E. coli, K. aerogenes | Tn1999.2 within Tn51098 | IncL | |
| OXA-436 | Denmark, 2017 | 436 | Denmark | E. asburiae, C. freundii, K. pneumoniae | IncHI2 | ||
| OXA-245 | Spain, 2011 | 48 | Spain, UK | K. pneumoniae | Tn1999 | IncL | |
| OXA-484 | UK, 2017 | 181 | UK | ||||
| OXA-519 | Belgium, 2018 | 48 | Belgium | K. pneumoniae | Tn1999 | IncL |