Fig. 1.

Therapeutic targets of novel biologics and small molecules for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Biologics and small molecules are indicated by red and orange colors, respectively.

AMP, adenosine monophosphate; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; IEL, intraepithelial lymphocyte; Iκb, inhibitor of κB; IL, interleukin; JAK, Janus kinase; MAdCAM-1, mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule-1; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; P, phosphorylation; PDE, phosphodiesterase; S1P, sphingosine-1-phosphate; SMAD, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; TGF-βR, TGF-β receptor; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; TNFR, TNF receptor.