Table 3.
Impact of low gestational weight gain, and low MUAC and BMI at enrolment, on newborn size and adverse birth outcomes
| GWG rate (g/week) | <226 | ≥226 | aRR or MD (95% CI)* | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birthweight (g) | 915 | 2874 (2795, 2952) | 2994 (2953, 3034) | −88 (−173, −3) | 0.043 |
| Head circumference (cm) | 894 | 31.9 (31.7, 32.5) | 32.2 (31.7, 32.6) | −0.2 (−0.4, 0.1) | 0.29 |
| Abdominal circumference (cm) | 896 | 27.2 (24.2, 30.3) | 30.1 (29.0, 31.2) | −0.4 (−0.8, −0.0) | 0.043 |
| Crown‐heel length (cm) | 999 | 45.4 (44.3, 46.6) | 46.0 (44.7, 47.2) | −0.5 (−1.1, −0.0) | 0.06 |
| Low birthweight | 915 | 21.2 (48/226) | 11.8 (81/689) | 1.63 (1.19, 2.23) | 0.002 |
| Preterm birth | 915 | 9.3 (21/226) | 6.1 (42/689) | 1.38 (0.83, 2.28) | 0.22 |
| Small‐for‐gestational age | 915 | 20.4 (46/226) | 13.2 (91/689) | 1.41 (1.04, 1.92) | 0.030 |
| MUAC (cm) | <23 | ≥23 | aRR or MD (95% CI) † | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birthweight (g) | 1947 | 2833 (2794, 2873) | 2983 (2958, 3008) | −111 (−157, −65) | <0.001 |
| Head circumference (cm) | 1890 | 32.7 (32.5, 32.9) | 33.1 (33.0, 33.2) | −0.3 (−0.5, −0.1) | 0.001 |
| Abdominal circumference (cm) | 1893 | 31.3 (31.0, 31.5) | 31.9 (31.8, 32.0) | −0.6 (−0.8, −0.3) | <0.001 |
| Crown‐heel length (cm) | 1896 | 47.5 (47.2, 47.7) | 47.7 (47.5, 47.9) | −0.5 (−0.9, −0.1) | 0.008 |
| Low birthweight | 1947 | 20.5 (111/541) | 12.9 (182/1406) | 1.46 (1.18, 1.80) | <0.001 |
| Preterm birth | 1276 | 12.6 (45/357) | 7.1 (65/919) | 1.75 (1.21, 2.52) | 0.003 |
| Small‐for‐gestational age | 1276 | 18.0 (64/356) | 11.9 (109/917) | 1.43 (1.08, 1.88) | 0.011 |
| BMI (kg m−2) | <19.8 | ≥19.8 | aRR or MD (95% CI) ‡ | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birthweight (g) | 1947 | 2819 (2760, 2879) | 2957 (2934, 2980) | −139 (−204, −74) | <0.001 |
| Head circumference (cm) | 1890 | 32.7 (32.4, 32.9) | 33.0 (32.9, 33.1) | −0.4 (−0.7, −0.1) | 0.009 |
| Abdominal circumference (cm) | 1893 | 31.2 (30.9, 31.6) | 31.8 (31.7, 31.9) | −0.6 (−1.0, −0.3) | 0.002 |
| Crown‐heel length (cm) | 1896 | 47.2 (47.6, 47.8) | 47.6 (47.4, 47.8) | −0.5 (−1.0, 0.1) | 0.90 |
| Low birthweight | 1947 | 20.5 (45/220) | 14.4 (248/1,727) | 1.41 (1.07, 1.86) | 0.014 |
| Preterm birth | 1276 | 12.9 (20/155) | 8.0 (90/1121) | 1.59 (1.01, 2.50) | 0.043 |
| Small‐for‐gestational age | 1276 | 19.4 (30/156) | 12.8 (143/1121) | 1.49 (1.05, 2.11) | 0.027 |
Note: Data are % (n) or mean (95% CI). RR, risk ratio; CI, confidence interval; MD, mean difference. *Adjusted for height, MUAC, age, gravidity, treatment arm, timing of birthweight measurement (except preterm birth) and newborn sex. †Adjusted for height, age, gravidity, treatment arm, timing of birthweight measurement (except preterm birth) and newborn sex. ‡Adjusted for age, gravidity, treatment arm, timing of birthweight measurement (except preterm birth) and newborn sex.