Table 4.
Association of SPAZ‐IPTp with maternal nutritional status and infant growth outcomes (adjusted analysis)
| Total | SPCQ | SPAZ |
aRR or MD (95% CI) |
P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mother | |||||
| Gestational weight gain (g/week) * | |||||
| All | 948 | 364 (341, 387) | 419 (398, 441) | 58 (26, 90) | <0.001 |
| With post‐natal BMI data | 480 | 382 (349, 415) | 415 (383, 446) | 33 (−13, 79) | 0.15 |
| Postnatal visit | |||||
| BMI (kg m−2) † | 811 | 21.9 (21.6, 22.2) | 22.3 (21.9, 22.6) | 0.4 (0.0, 0.9) | 0.043 |
| With gestational weight gain data | 480 | 21.8 (21.3, 22.3) | 22.5 (22.1, 22.9) | 0.7 (0.2, 1.3) | 0.012 |
| BMI categories † | |||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 55 (13.1) | 28 (7.0) | 0.55 (0.36, 0.82) | 0.004 | |
| Normal (≥18.5, <25) | 299 (72.2) | 309 (77.8) | Reference | ||
| Overweight (≥25, <30) | 53 (12.8) | 51 (12.9) | 1.01 (0.72, 1.42) | 0.95 | |
| Obese (≥30) | 7 (1.7) | 10 (2.5) | 1.29 (0.51, 3.27) | 0.59 | |
| MUAC (cm) ‡ | 824 | 24.3 (24.0, 24.5) | 24.6 (24.3, 24.9) | 0.4 (0.0, 0.8) | 0.049 |
| With gestational weight gain data | 491 | 24.4 (24.1, 24.7) | 24.7 (24.4, 25.0) | 0.4 (−0.1, 0.9) | 0.11 |
| MUAC <23 cm | 824 | 101 (24.4) | 86 (21.0) | 0.84 (0.65, 1.08) | 0.17 |
| Newborn/Infant | |||||
| Birth § | |||||
| Birthweight | 1,947 | 2922 (2889, 2954) | 2961 (2933, 2989) | 48 (8, 88) | 0.019 |
| With gestational weight gain data | 915 | 2947 (2900, 2993) | 2976 (2937, 3015) | 44 (−12, 100) | 0.13 |
| Low birthweight | 1947 | 168 (17.5) | 125 (12.7) | 0.72 (0.58, 0.88) | 0.002 |
| With gestational weight gain data | 915 | 72 (16.5) | 57 (11.9) | 0.69 (0.50, 0.94) | 0.018 |
| Postnatal visit ¶ | |||||
| Underweight (WAZ < −2) | 828 | 49 (11.6) | 29 (7.1) | 0.61 (0.39, 0.94) | 0.025 |
| Stunted (LAZ < −2) | 788 | 167 (42.2) | 166 (42.4) | 1.00 (0.84, 1.19) | 0.99 |
| Wasted (WLZ < −2) | 779 | 33 (8.4) | 13 (3.4) | 0.39 (0.21, 0.72) | 0.003 |
Note: Numbers are n (%) or mean (95% CI). BMI, body mass index; MUAC, mid‐upper arm circumference; WAZ, weight‐for‐age z‐score; LAZ, length‐for‐age z‐score; WLZ, weight‐for‐length z‐score. *Adjusted for maternal height, GA at first measurement, and length of time interval between weight measurements. †Adjusted for age, gravidity, rural residence, ethnicity, literacy and income status. ‡Adjusted for age, gravidity, rural residence, ethnicity, literacy, income status and height. §Adjusted for age, gravidity, height, MUAC, timing of weight measurement, newborn sex. ¶Adjusted for age, parent income status and literacy.