Table 6.
Effect of iron–folic acid supplementation on birth size in Pakistan: Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio using multivariate logistic regression analyses
| Variables | Smaller than average birth size | Unadjusted | Adjusted* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n † | % † | OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P | |
| Any IFA supplementation | ||||||||
| No | 1121 | 35.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 719 | 29.3 | 0.76 | (0.66, 0.87) | <0.0001 | 0.82 | (0.71, 0.96) | 0.013 |
| Timing of start of IFA supplements | ||||||||
| No IFA | 1121 | 35.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| First trimester | 322 | 27.6 | 0.70 | (0.58, 0.84) | <0.0001 | 0.81 | (0.66, 0.99) | 0.042 |
| Second/third trimester | 311 | 31.4 | 0.84 | (0.71, 1.00) | 0.051 | 0.88 | (0.72, 1.06) | 0.186 |
| IFA with other ANC service | ||||||||
| No IFA and no ANC | 608 | 35.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| No IFA but other ANC | 513 | 34.7 | 0.95 | (0.81, 1.13) | 0.574 | 1.01 | (0.84, 1.21) | 0.955 |
| IFA with or without any ANC | 718 | 29.3 | 0.74 | (0.63, 0.88) | 0.001 | 0.82 | (0.68, 0.99) | 0.042 |
| Combination of IFA with fuel used for cooking | ||||||||
| No IFA supplementation and biomass energy | 916 | 36.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| No IFA supplementation and natural gas/electricity | 152 | 29.6 | 0.73 | (0.57, 0.94) | 0.014 | 0.77 | (0.60, 0.99) | 0.043 |
| Any IFA supplementation and biomass energy | 441 | 31.3 | 0.80 | (0.67, 0.95) | 0.011 | 0.81 | (0.67, 0.97) | 0.023 |
| Any IFA supplementation with natural gas/electricity | 249 | 26.7 | 0.64 | (0.51, 0.79) | <0.0001 | 0.67 | (0.53, 0.85) | 0.001 |
Six hundred two missing values were not included in the analysis. ANC, antenatal care; CI, confidence interval; IFA, iron–folic acid; OR, odds ratio. *Adjustment for other potential confounders such as community level, socio‐economic status, maternal and newborn characteristics, and antenatal care services variables were performed for all models. †Weighting was applied to compensate for the multistage cluster sampling design.