Table 5.
Serum 25(OH)D concentration (nmol L−1) by WHO region and country within each region
| Country | Year* | First author | Maternal and newborn serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentration | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal | Newborn | |||||
| Mean (±SD) | Median (IQR) | Mean (±SD) | Median (IQR) | |||
| Americas | ||||||
| USA | 1959–1965 | Gernand | 52 ± 27 | |||
| USA | 2001–2006 | Ginde | 65 (60–67) | |||
| Canada | 2004–2007 | Shand | 47 (35–67) | |||
| USA | 2004–2009 | Hollis, 2011 | 60 ± 25 | |||
| USA | 2006–2009 | Belderbos | 77 ± 3 | |||
| USA | 2007 | Basile | 35 ± 20 | |||
| European | ||||||
| UK | 1978–1979 | Heckmatt | 15 ± 13 | |||
| Scotland | 1980 | Cockburn | 17 | 28 | ||
| Belgium | 1981 | Bouillon | 35 ± 15 | 20 ± 10 | ||
| France | 1982 | Delvin | 45 ± 5 | 30 ± 25 | ||
| Sweden | 1986 | Axelson | 50 ± 15 | 35 ± 13 | ||
| UK | 1991–1992 | Gale | 50 (30–75) | |||
| UK | 1991–1992 | Javaid | 50 ± 15 | 35 ± 13 | ||
| UK | 1998–2001 | Harvey | 60 (42–87) | |||
| France | 2003 | Baiz, 2014 | 45 ± 37 | |||
| France | 2003 | Baiz, 2012 | 39 (40) † | |||
| Netherlands | 2003–2004 | Leffelaar | 55 (32–75) | |||
| Greece | 2003–2004 | Nicolaidou | 40 (28–52) | 50 (35–75) | ||
| Germany | 2006–2008 | Weisse | 55 (35–80) | 28 (18–42) | ||
| Finland | 2007 | Viljakainen | 40 ± 13 | 50 ± 15 | ||
| Turkey | 2008 | Halicioglu | 30 ± 13 | 30 ± 18 | ||
| Denmark | 2008–2010 | Streym | 72 ± 30 | 42 ± 20 | ||
| Belgium | 2009–2010 | Vercruyssen | 55 ± 30 | |||
| Eastern Mediterranean | ||||||
| Iran | 1997 | Bassir | 13 ± 25 | 5 ± 10 | ||
| Iran | 1999 | Andiran | 30 ± 10 | 20 ± 8 | ||
| Iran | 2002 | Maghbooli, 2007 | 28 ± 23 | 18 ± 13 | ||
| Iran | 2005 | Salek | 130 ± 90 | 67 ± 28 | ||
| Iran | 2005 | Kazemi | 20 ± 5 | 17 ± 3 | ||
| Pakistan | 2008 | Karim | 60 ± 30 | 50 ± 28 | ||
| Iran | 2008–2009 | Asemi | 18 ± 5 | |||
| South‐East Asian | ||||||
| India | 1997 | Farrant | 37 (25–57) | |||
| India | 1997–1998 | Krishnaveni | 47 (32–67) | |||
| Nepal | 1998–2001 | Jiang | 52 ± 25 | |||
| India | 2002 | Sachan | 35 ± 23 | 20 ± 15 | ||
| India | 2005–2006 | Sahu | 40 (25–57) | |||
| India | 2006–2007 | Marwaha | 20 ± 8 | 22 ± 10 | ||
| Western Pacific | ||||||
| Japan | 1980 | Seino | 42 ± 13 | 32 ± 13 | ||
| NZ | 1997–2001 | Camargo | 45 (30–77) | |||
| Australia | 2008 | Bowyer | 52 (18–175) | 60 (18–245) | ||
| Beijing | 2010–2011 | Song | 72 ± 25 | |||
| Australia | 2011 | Thomas | 47 ± 20 | 67 ± 40 | ||
| Australia | 2011 | Bendall | 115 ± 28 | |||
| Australia | 2012 | Novakovic | 55 ± 15 | 60 ± 18 | ||
| African | ||||||
| Malawi | 2000–2004 | Amukele | 92 ± 5 | 90 (75–110) | 35 ± 8 | 27 (20–47) |
25(OH)D, 25‐hydroxyvitamin D; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation; WHO, World Health Organization. All mean and median with single values: no SD or IQR provided by the author. *Year of study or if not available year of publication. †Median and IQR: author provided the median as 39.2 nmol L−1 and IQR as 39.7 nmol L−1.