Table 4.
Determinants of dietary patterns of Nigerian children: The 2008 Nigerian Demographic and Health Surveys
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) for being on the upper median score of the dietary patterns*, † | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mixed (n = 5575) ‡ | Selective (n = 3363) ‡ | Beverages and candies (n = 4580) ‡ | Gruels, grains and semi‐liquids (n = 6366) ‡ | Infant formula and cereals (n = 1009) ‡ | |
| Sex of child | |||||
| Boy | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Girl | 1.04 (0.94–1.14) | 1.00 (0.91–1.10) | 1.12 (1.02–1.22) | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) | 0.87 (0.75–1.02) |
| P‐value | 0.443 | 0.987 | 0.013 | 0.370 | 0.086 |
| Number of older siblings | |||||
| None | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| One | 1.22 (1.02–1.46) | 1.03 (0.87–1.22) | 0.90 (0.76–1.05) | 0.90 (0.77–1.06) | 0.81 (0.62–1.04) |
| Two | 1.27 (1.05–1.54) | 1.08 (0.89–1.30) | 0.90 (0.76–1.08) | 1.02 (0.85–1.21) | 0.68 (0.51–0.90) |
| Three | 1.25 (1.01–1.55) | 1.09 (0.88–1.34) | 0.96 (0.79–1.16) | 1.23 (1.01–1.50) | 0.72 (0.52–1.00) |
| Four+ | 1.41 (1.13–1.76) | 1.16 (0.93–1.44) | 0.92 (0.75–1.13) | 1.07 (0.87–1.31) | 0.60 (0.42–0.85) |
| P‐value | 0.043 | 0.716 | 0.691 | 0.012 | 0.043 |
| Twin | |||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.06 (0.70–1.61) | 0.87 (0.59–1.29) | 0.80 (0.55–1.17) | 1.24 (0.86–1.80) | 1.24 (0.69–2.23) |
| P‐value | 0.769 | 0.491 | 0.253 | 0.248 | 0.465 |
| Child's age, month | |||||
| ≤6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 7–12 | 14.88 (12.33–17.96) | 4.78 (4.02–5.69) | 3.24 (2.82–3.72) | 4.82 (4.21–5.51) | 1.35 (1.11–1.64) |
| 13–24 | 38.01 (31.40–46.01) | 6.62 (5.6–7.84) | 4.17 (3.64–4.78) | 6.15 (5.39–7.01) | 0.61 (0.48–0.77) |
| 25–35 | 40.49 (32.12–51.04) | 7.26 (5.91–8.92) | 4.45 (2.87–4.14) | 6.62 (5.54–7.91) | 0.29 (0.21–0.42) |
| P‐value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Uses tobacco | |||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.59 (0.80–3.14) | 1.11 (0.60–2.06) | 1.00 (0.52–1.89) | 0.99 (0.53–1.84) | 1.49 (0.51–4.38) |
| P‐value | 0.184 | 0.743 | 0.988 | 0.979 | 0.468 |
| Month of interview | |||||
| June | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| July | 1.04 (0.81–1.34) | 0.63 (0.50–0.80) | 0.75 (0.59–0.95) | 1.25 (0.96–1.64) | 0.70 (0.51–0.96) |
| August | 1.06 (0.82–1.36) | 0.56 (0.44–0.72) | 0.63 (0.50–0.81) | 1.43 (1.09–1.88) | 0.60 (0.43–0.82) |
| September | 1.17 (0.90–1.52) | 0.52 (0.40–0.67) | 0.59 (0.46–0.75) | 1.48 (1.12–1.96) | 0.50 (0.36–0.70) |
| October/November | 1.10 (0.83–1.45) | 0.64 (0.49–0.84) | 0.62 (0.47–0.82) | 1.41 (1.04–1.91) | 0.55 (0.38–0.79) |
| P‐value | 0.735 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.046 | 0.001 |
| Maternal age, years | |||||
| 15–19 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 20–24 | 0.93 (0.75–1.15) | 0.91 (0.74–1.12) | 1.02 (0.84–1.24) | 0.98 (0.81–1.18) | 1.01 (0.72–1.44) |
| 25–29 | 0.78 (0.62–0.97) | 0.97 (0.78–1.21) | 1.08 (0.88–1.32) | 0.80 (0.65–0.98) | 0.90 (0.62–1.30) |
| 30–34 | 0.78 (0.60–1.00) | 0.93 (0.73–1.19) | 1.01 (0.80–1.27) | 0.81 (0.64–1.01) | 1.07 (0.72–1.61) |
| 35–39 | 0.87 (0.66–1.15) | 1.00 (0.76–1.30) | 0.95 (0.74–1.22) | 0.80 (0.62–1.02) | 1.25 (0.81–1.94) |
| 40–44 | 0.80 (0.58–1.10) | 0.79 (0.58–1.08) | 0.94 (0.70–1.26) | 0.75 (0.57–1.00) | 0.75 (0.42–1.33) |
| 45–49 | 0.90 (0.61–1.31) | 0.80 (0.55–1.17) | 0.97 (0.68–1.39) | 0.64 (0.45–0.91) | 1.22 (0.91–1.75) |
| P‐value | 0.132 | 0.362 | 0.779 | 0.040 | 0.157 |
| Maternal body mass index | |||||
| <18.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 18.5–24.49 | 1.15 (0.99–1.33) | 0.92 (0.80–1.07) | 0.98 (0.86–1.13) | 0.95 (0.83–1.09) | 1.26 (0.91–1.75) |
| ≥25 | 1.17 (0.98–1.41) | 0.96 (0.80–1.14) | 1.23 (1.04–1.45) | 0.94 (0.79–1.11) | 1.68 (1.18–2.39) |
| P‐value | 0.151 | 0.512 | 0.001 | 0.740 | 0.001 |
| Religion | |||||
| Christianity | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Islam | 0.70 (0.59–0.84) | 1.18 (0.99–1.40) | 1.58 (1.34–1.86) | 1.15 (0.97–1.35) | 0.72 (0.56–0.94) |
| Traditional or others | 0.85 (0.58–1.24) | 1.29 (0.90–1.84) | 1.05 (0.72–1.51) | 1.18 (0.82–1.72) | 0.86 (0.45–1.63) |
| P‐value | <0.001 | 0.094 | <0.001 | 0.223 | 0.046 |
| Maternal occupation | |||||
| Unemployed | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Trader | 1.42 (1.25–1.61) | 0.97 (0.86–1.10) | 1.20 (1.06–1.34) | 1.35 (1.20–1.52) | 1.12 (0.91–1.37) |
| Others § | 1.51 (1.33–1.71) | 1.01 (0.89–1.15) | 0.94 (0.84–1.06) | 1.38 (1.22–1.55) | 1.01 (0.83–1.24) |
| P‐value | <0.001 | 0.804 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.480 |
| Marital status | |||||
| Unmarried ¶ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Married** | 0.80 (0.62–1.03) | 1.12 (0.93–1.35) | 1.21 (0.96–1.52) | 1.07 (0.85–1.34) | 0.94 (0.66–1.32) |
| P‐value | 0.086 | 0.353 | 0.104 | 0.570 | 0.709 |
| Number of household members | |||||
| ≤3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 4–5 | 1.05 (0.87–1.27) | 1.12 (0.88–1.43) | 0.90 (0.76–1.06) | 1.05 (0.88–1.24) | 0.88 (0.67–1.15) |
| 6–8 | 1.05 (0.87–1.28) | 1.08 (0.90–1.30) | 0.89 (0.75–1.05) | 1.00 (0.84–1.19) | 0.96 (0.73–1.27) |
| >8 | 1.04 (0.85–1.27) | 1.08 (0.88–1.31) | 0.83 (0.69–0.99) | 1.06 (0.88–1.27) | 0.77 (0.56–1.06) |
| P‐value | 0.953 | 0.665 | 0.246 | 0.767 | 0.241 |
| Place of residence | |||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Rural | 1.07 (0.89–1.28) | 0.88 (0.74–1.04) | 0.93 (0.79–1.11) | 0.99 (0.82–1.20) | 0.74 (0.59–0.93) |
| P‐value | 0.466 | 0.138 | 0.430 | 0.942 | 0.009 |
| Region of residence | |||||
| North‐central | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| North‐east | 0.74 (0.58–0.93) | 0.43 (0.34–0.55) | 0.89 (0.70–1.12) | 0.65 (0.50–0.84) | 0.70 (0.48–1.03) |
| North‐west | 0.32 (0.25–0.40) | 0.54 (0.43–0.67) | 0.97 (0.77–1.22) | 0.85 (0.66–1.10) | 0.57 (0.39–0.85) |
| South‐east | 0.83 (0.63–1.10) | 1.33 (1.02–1.73) | 1.18 (0.90–1.54) | 0.19 (0.14–0.26) | 2.78 (2.00–3.86) |
| South‐west | 1.65 (1.27–2.15) | 0.78 (0.61–1.01) | 1.84 (1.44–2.35) | 0.33 (0.25–0.44) | 2.63 (1.92–3.58) |
| South‐south | 1.35 (1.05–1.73) | 0.39 (0.31–0.50) | 1.91 (1.51–2.42) | 0.26 (0.20–0.34) | 0.70 (0.50–0.97) |
| P‐value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Maternal education | |||||
| No education | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Primary school | 1.14 (0.98–1.32) | 0.85 (0.73–0.98) | 1.10 (0.96–1.26) | 0.84 (0.74–0.96) | 1.66 (1.25–2.21) |
| Secondary school | 1.03 (0.86–1.23) | 0.94 (0.79–1.12) | 1.42 (1.21–1.67) | 0.77 (0.66–0.91) | 2.09 (1.55–2.81) |
| Higher education | 1.00 (0.75–1.34) | 1.15 (0.87–1.51) | 2.04 (1.57–2.66) | 0.95 (0.73–1.23) | 3.41 (2.34–4.97) |
| P‐value | 0.309 | 0.032 | <0.001 | 0.007 | <0.001 |
| Wealth index | |||||
| Poorest | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Poorer | 1.41 (1.22–1.63) | 1.01 (0.87–1.17) | 0.87 (0.75–1.00) | 0.96 (0.84–1.10) | 2.07 (1.42–3.03) |
| Middle | 1.45 (1.22–1.72) | 0.98 (0.83–1.17) | 1.08 (0.91–1.27) | 0.86 (0.73–1.02) | 2.93 (2.01–4.27) |
| Richer | 1.79 (1.46–2.20) | 1.15 (0.95–1.41) | 1.96 (1.62–2.37) | 0.85 (0.70–1.04) | 3.87 (2.61–5.74) |
| Richest | 1.52 (1.17–1.97) | 1.19 (0.93–1.52) | 3.19 (2.52–4.04) | 0.79 (0.62–1.01) | 5.40 (3.52–8.30) |
| P‐value | <0.001 | 0.354 | <0.001 | 0.319 | <0.001 |
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio. *A multiple multilevel logistic model with simultaneous adjustment for all the covariates. The model was in addition adjusted for current breastfeeding and pregnancy status. †The variance (standard error) for the random part of the models was as follows: mixed 0.51 (0.05); selective 0.50 (0.05); beverages and candies 0.52 (0.05); gruels, grains and semi‐liquids 0.77 (0.07); infant formula and cereals 0.50 (0.10). ‡The number of those in the upper median score of each dietary pattern. §Includes all other professional occupations. ¶Includes those not married, divorced or not living together in the same household. **Includes those married and cohabiting together with their partners in the same household.