Table 1.
Descriptive analyses of maternal exposure to IPV and covariates, 3552 mother–infant dyads in India*
| Covariates | Any type of IPV † | Physical or sexual IPV | Total | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never (61.1%) | Ever (38.9%) | P‐value ‡ | Never (63.8%) | Ever (36.2%) | P‐value ‡ | ||
| Urban (%) | 28.6 | 17.2 | 0.00 | 28.2 | 17.0 | 0.00 | 24.2 |
| Wealth index (%) | |||||||
| Poorest | 19.0 | 34.0 | 0.00 | 19.0 | 35.1 | 0.00 | 24.8 |
| Poorer | 19.8 | 26.9 | 20.1 | 26.9 | 22.6 | ||
| Middle | 20.4 | 19.9 | 20.3 | 19.9 | 20.2 | ||
| Richer | 21.2 | 14.3 | 21.0 | 14.0 | 18.5 | ||
| Richest | 19.7 | 4.9 | 19.5 | 4.1 | 13.9 | ||
| Parity exclusive of index child (SD) | 1.3 (1.7) | 2.3 (2.0) | 0.00 | 1.4 (1.7) | 2.4 (2.1) | 0.00 | 1.7 (1.9) |
| Mother's completed grades of schooling (SD) | 5.5 (5.1) | 2.8 (3.7) | 0.00 | 5.4 (5.1) | 2.7 (3.7) | 0.00 | 4.4 (4.8) |
| Difference in completed grades between mother and her husband (%) | |||||||
| Mother fewer grades | 53.0 | 50.6 | 0.00 | 53.4 | 49.6 | 0.00 | 52.0 |
| Same | 28.2 | 36.3 | 28.2 | 36.9 | 31.3 | ||
| Mother more grades | 18.8 | 13.2 | 18.4 | 13.5 | 16.6 | ||
| Relationship to household head | |||||||
| Wife | 37.9 | 49.8 | 0.00 | 38.0 | 50.5 | 0.00 | 42.5 |
| Daughter | 20.9 | 14.9 | 21.3 | 13.7 | 18.5 | ||
| Daughter‐in‐law | 30.1 | 25.3 | 29.9 | 25.4 | 28.2 | ||
| Other | 11.2 | 9.9 | 10.8 | 10.5 | 10.7 | ||
| Maternal age, years (SD) | 24.0 (4.9) | 25.1 (5.2) | 0.00 | 24.0 (4.9) | 25.2 (5.3) | 0.00 | 24.4 (5.1) |
| Child's age, months (SD) | 3.0 (1.7) | 3.1 (1.6) | 0.13 | 3.0 (1.7) | 3.1 (1.6) | 0.27 | 3.0 (1.7) |
| Female child (%) | 49.1 | 54.1 | 0.06 | 49.0 | 54.5 | 0.04 | 51.0 |
| Religion (%) | |||||||
| Hindu | 78.5 | 80.6 | 0.04 | 78.9 | 80.0 | 0.05 | 79.3 |
| Muslim | 16.0 | 16.5 | 15.7 | 17.1 | 16.2 | ||
| Other | 5.5 | 2.9 | 5.4 | 3.0 | 4.5 | ||
| Region (%) | |||||||
| North | 15.2 | 12.4 | 0.00 | 15.2 | 12.2 | 0.00 | 14.1 |
| Central | 27.4 | 36.2 | 28.0 | 35.9 | 30.8 | ||
| East | 19.3 | 31.3 | 19.2 | 32.4 | 24.0 | ||
| Northeast | 4.0 | 4.4 | 3.9 | 4.5 | 4.1 | ||
| South | 18.2 | 8.6 | 18.0 | 8.3 | 14.5 | ||
| West | 15.8 | 7.2 | 15.7 | 6.6 | 12.4 | ||
IPV, intimate partner violence. *Weighted values are shown. †Psychological, physical or sexual IPV. ‡Comparison between ever and never exposed to IPV, adjusted for sample design, Rao–Scott χ2 tests for categorical variables and t‐tests for interval variables. Boldface indicates significant results (P < 0.05), italics indicate marginally significant results (P < 0.10).