Table 3.
Associations of maternal reported exposure to IPV with infant feeding practices, 3552 mother–infant dyads in India*
| Outcomes | Unadjusted | Adjusted † | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P‐value ‡ | OR | 95% CI | P‐value ‡ | |
| Ever any IPV = 1 (ref: never any IPV = 0) | ||||||
| Breastfed immediately after birth (within 1 h) | 0.79 | (0.63, 0.97) | 0.026 | 1.04 | (0.82, 1.33) | 0.717 |
| Drank from a bottle with a nipple in the past 24 h | 0.98 | (0.70, 1.36) | 0.884 | 1.18 | (0.83, 1.67) | 0.367 |
| Fed liquids in the prior 24 h | 1.19 | (0.97, 1.46) | 0.088 | 1.32 | (1.04, 1.66) | 0.021 |
| Fed solids in the prior 24 h | 1.13 | (0.80, 1.60) | 0.484 | 1.31 | (0.89, 1.94) | 0.176 |
| Exclusively breastfed in the prior 24 h | 0.85 | (0.69, 1.04) | 0.114 | 0.78 | (0.62, 0.98) | 0.034 |
| Ever any physical or sexual IPV = 1 (ref: never physical or sexual IPV = 0) | ||||||
| Breastfed immediately after birth (within 1 h) | 0.78 | (0.63, 0.97) | 0.026 | 1.04 | (0.82, 1.32) | 0.756 |
| Drank from a bottle with a nipple in the past 24 h | 1.06 | (0.76, 1.49) | 0.727 | 1.33 | (0.93, 1.91) | 0.121 |
| Fed liquids in the prior 24 h | 1.22 | (0.98, 1.51) | 0.072 | 1.37 | (1.08, 1.75) | 0.011 |
| Fed solids in the prior 24 h | 1.24 | (0.88, 1.76) | 0.222 | 1.50 | (1.01, 2.23) | 0.046 |
| Exclusively breastfed in the prior 24 h | 0.83 | (0.67, 1.03) | 0.090 | 0.74 | (0.58, 0.95) | 0.017 |
IPV, intimate partner violence; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence intervals. *Models are adjusted for the stratified, cluster sample design. †Covariates include urban/rural residence; household wealth quintile; maternal age in years; child's age in months; parity exclusive of index child; mother's completed grades of schooling; the difference in completed grades between the mother and her husband; mother's relationship to household head; gender of child; maternal religion; and region of residence. ‡Boldface indicates significant results (P < 0.05), italics indicate marginally significant results (P < 0.10).