Table 3.
Between‐group differences in changes in the daily consumption (g) of the main food groups and foods, means (SD)
| Baseline | 26–28 weeks gestation | Group difference in change from baseline to 26–28 weeks gestation | 36–37 weeks gestation | Group difference in change from baseline to 36–37 weeks gestation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention group (n = 217–219) | Usual care group (n = 174–178) | Intervention group (n = 208–210) | Usual care group (n = 175–179) | Unadjusted coefficient (95% CI) | P‐value* | Intervention group (n = 177–181) | Usual care group (n = 150–156) | Unadjusted coefficient (95% CI) | P‐value* | |
| Vegetables | 261 (138) | 286 (152) | 265 (139) | 262 (146) | 21.2 (−0.52 to 42.9) | 0.056 | 260 (130) | 247 (123) | 30.7 (9.3–52.1) | 0.005 |
| Fruits and berries † | 225 (157) | 239 (154) | 258 (181) | 259 (171) | 8.6 (−21.4 to 38.6) | 0.575 | 258 (161) | 236 (149) | 25.4 (−7.8 to 58.7) | 0.134 |
| Potato | ||||||||||
| Cooked potato or in dishes | 105 (83) | 113 (73) | 106 (61) | 111 (82) | −2.87 (−16.8 to 11.0) | 0.686 | 98 (65) | 111 (86) | −10.9 (−26.1 to 4.2) | 0.157 |
| French fries, chips and other fatty potato products | 12.1 (10.2) | 13.9 (14.1) | 11.5 (9.8) | 11.9 (10.6) | −0.01 (−1.94 to 1.92) | 0.995 | 12.7 (12.5) | 12.4 (11.9) | 1.05 (−1.33 to 3.43) | 0.388 |
| Cereals | ||||||||||
| Total bread | 127 (60) | 123 (57) | 128 (61) | 122 (63) | 4.0 (−6.6 to 14.7) | 0.459 | 122 (58) | 112 (61) | 7.8 (−3.5 to 19.2) | 0.175 |
| Porridge and breakfast cereals | 79 (94) | 95 (99) | 79 (88) | 114 (112) | −25.2 (−41.7 to −8.7) | 0.003 | 97 (153) | 109 (105) | −3.2 (−29.4 to 23.0) | 0.811 |
| Rice and pasta | 74 (40) | 73 (57) | 67 (38) | 61 (36) | 7.8 (−2.0 to 17.5) | 0.118 | 65 (40) | 60 (37) | 4.9 (−2.4 to 12.3) | 0.187 |
| Milk and dairy | ||||||||||
| Total milk ‡ | 490 (314) | 505 (342) | 562 (310) | 528 (300) | 50.2 (6.5–95.8) | 0.025 | 523 (304) | 542 (364) | 4.8 (−56.0 to 65.5) | 0.878 |
| Total cheese § | 49 (35) | 60 (51) | 57 (38) | 59 (44) | 3.6 (−3.5 to 10.6) | 0.318 | 42 (37) | 50 (41) | −3.4 (−10.8 to 4.0) | 0.364 |
| Meat | ||||||||||
| Red meat and game | 81 (36) | 87 (42) | 80 (34) | 83 (40) | 0.56 (−5.2 to 6.4) | 0.851 | 76 (33) | 79 (42) | −0.86 (−7.7 to 6.0) | 0.806 |
| Poultry | 57 (36) | 58 (45) | 57 (38) | 53 (45) | 4.1 (−2.9 to 11.2) | 0.252 | 57 (36) | 55 (46) | 2.7 (−4.8 to 10.1) | 0.482 |
| Sausages | 26 (20) | 33 (27) | 27 (21) | 31 (23) | 0.26 (−3.6 to 4.1) | 0.896 | 28 (23) | 30 (19) | 1.7 (−2.6 to 6.0) | 0.444 |
| Fish | 18.3 (16) | 19.9 (18) | 20.3 (16) | 18.3 (14) | 3.3 (0.13–6.4) | 0.041 | 21.9 (15) | 19.5 (14) | 3.1 (0.08–6.05) | 0.044 |
| Dietary fats | ||||||||||
| Vegetable spreads | 6.9 (8.3) | 7.4 (9.9) | 8.8 (9.8) | 7.6 (9.6) | 1.5 (−0.13 to 3.2) | 0.071 | 7.2 (8.8) | 6.5 (8.4) | 1.1 (−0.6 to 2.8) | 0.215 |
| Vegetable oils | 9.2 (5.0) | 9.6 (4.5) | 10.6 (5.2) | 9.4 (5.4) | 1.4 (0.5–2.3) | 0.002 | 11.1 (6.5) | 9.5 (5.7) | 1.8 (0.6–2.9) | 0.002 |
| Butter, butter mixtures | 11.4 (11.6) | 11.4 (12.1) | 10.0 (9.2) | 11.3 (11.2) | −1.3 (−2.9 to 0.4) | 0.128 | 11.5 (11.1) | 12.4 (14.5) | −1.0 (−3.3 to 1.3) | 0.417 |
| Solid baking margarines | 3.6 (2.0) | 4.0 (2.4) | 3.7 (2.0) | 4.1 (2.1) | −0.24 (−0.6 to 0.12) | 0.194 | 3.3 (2.0) | 3.7 (2.2) | −0.25 (−0.6 to 0.14) | 0.208 |
| Oil‐based salad dressings | 4.4 (7.0) | 3.9 (5.1) | 6.8 (8.1) | 4.2 (7.2) | 2.2 (0.8–3.5) | 0.002 | 6.7 (11.5) | 3.7 (7.1) | 2.5 (0.6–4.5) | 0.010 |
| Candies and chocolate | 21 (15) | 24 (27) | 22 (17) | 28 (23) | −4.7 (−8.2 to −1.3) | 0.008 | 23 (20) | 29 (31) | −4.5 (−10.3 to 1.4) | 0.133 |
| Sweet pastries and other sugary food items | 34 (27) | 44 (33) | 40 (27) | 50 (36) | −5.3 (−10.8 to 0.11) | 0.055 | 41 (31) | 52 (39) | −5.7 (−12.5 to 1.2) | 0.104 |
| Pizza and hamburgers | 22 (14) | 24 (20) | 21 (15) | 22 (19) | −0.60 (−3.7 to 2.5) | 0.703 | 18 (12) | 18 (13) | 0.37 (−2.0 to 2.7) | 0.755 |
| Beverages | ||||||||||
| Tea | 80 (121) | 113 (184) | 99 (123) | 112 (170) | 8.2 (−13.8 to 30.2) | 0.464 | 97 (124) | 105 (150) | 15.2 (−9.9 to 40.2) | 0.235 |
| Coffee | 247 (202) | 257 (230) | 148 (155) | 157 (174) | −0.34 (−22.4 to 21.7) | 0.976 | 142 (139) | 140 (141) | 8.0 (−14.3 to 30.3) | 0.481 |
| Sugary soft drinks | 43 (91) | 53 (107) | 32 (58) | 55 (117) | −18.3 (−39.3 to 2.7) | 0.088 | 48 (136) | 60 (138) | −5.2 (−34.6 to 24.3) | 0.730 |
| Juice | 216 (208) | 256 (252) | 224 (219) | 207 (178) | 31.3 (−5.6 to 68.1) | 0.096 | 183 (178) | 235 (254) | −35.1 (−76.1 to 6.0) | 0.094 |
CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation. *Multilevel mixed‐effects linear regression models taking into account the between‐municipality, between‐clinic and between‐nurse variation and adjusting for the baseline level of the variable. †Excluding juice. ‡Including milk, sour milk and yoghurt, excluding milk used in cooking. §Excluding cottage cheese.