Table 3.
Factors associated with inappropriate dietary diversity among children aged 6–23 months across seven francophone West African countries. Adjusted odds ratios by multivariate logistic regression analysis
| Country | Variable | Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | P‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benin | Place of delivery | |||
| Home | 1.00 | |||
| Health facility | 0.55 | [0.35, 0.85] | 0.007 | |
| Age of child (months) | ||||
| 6–11 | 1.00 | |||
| 12–17 | 0.41 | [0.33, 0.51] | <0.001 | |
| 18–23 | 0.33 | [0.27, 0.41] | <0.001 | |
| Antenatal clinic visits | ||||
| None | 1.00 | |||
| 1–3 | 0.55 | [0.37, 0.81] | 0.002 | |
| 4+ | 0.50 | [0.34, 0.73] | <0.001 | |
| Administrative region | See details below* | |||
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 1.00 | |||
| Rural | 0.81 | [0.64, 1.03] | 0.082 | |
| Mother listened to the radio | ||||
| No | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 0.61 | [0.49, 0.76] | <0.001 | |
| Mother watched television | ||||
| No | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 0.78 | [0.63, 0.97] | 0.028 | |
| Household Wealth Index | ||||
| Poor | 1.00 | |||
| Middle | 0.88 | [0.72, 1.08] | 0.223 | |
| Rich | 0.69 | [0.49, 0.96] | 0.028 | |
| Mother's working status | ||||
| Non‐working | 1.00 | |||
| Working (past 12 months) | 0.63 | [0.51, 0.77] | <0.001 | |
| Type of delivery assistance | ||||
| Health professional | 1.00 | |||
| Traditional birth attendant | 0.28 | [0.16, 0.50] | <0.001 | |
| Other untrained personnel | 0.75 | [0.55, 1.03] | 0.073 | |
| Child had fever (last 2 weeks) | ||||
| No | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 0.65 | [0.50, 0.85] | 0.001 | |
| Child had ARI (past 2 weeks) | ||||
| No | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 0.65 | [0.44, 0.95] | 0.027 | |
| Burkina Faso | Age of child (months) | |||
| 6–11 | 1.00 | |||
| 12–17 | 0.34 | [0.20, 0.56] | <0.001 | |
| 18–23 | 0.22 | [0.14, 0.36] | <0.001 | |
| Father's education | ||||
| No schooling | 1.00 | |||
| Primary | 0.67 | [0.42, 1.06] | 0.087 | |
| Secondary and higher | 0.41 | [0.26, 0.66] | <0.001 | |
| Father's occupation | ||||
| Non‐agricultural | 1.00 | |||
| Agricultural | 1.74 | [1.16, 2.60] | 0.007 | |
| Mother listened to the radio | ||||
| No | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 0.62 | [0.39, 0.97] | 0.035 | |
| Mother watched television | ||||
| No | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 0.51 | [0.34, 0.78] | 0.002 | |
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 1.00 | |||
| Rural | 1.74 | [1.12, 2.71] | 0.014 | |
| Geographical region | See details below † | |||
| Cote d'Ivoire | Age of child (months) | |||
| 6–11 | 1.00 | |||
| 12–17 | 0.39 | [0.23, 0.64] | <0.001 | |
| 18–23 | 0.23 | [0.14, 0.38] | <0.001 | |
| Geographical region | See details below ‡ | |||
| Household Wealth Index | ||||
| Poor | 1.00 | |||
| Middle | 0.41 | [0.25, 0.69] | 0.001 | |
| Rich | 0.22 | [0.12, 0.40] | <0.001 | |
| Mother's education | ||||
| No schooling | 1.00 | |||
| Primary | 0.87 | [0.53, 1.44] | 0.597 | |
| Secondary and higher | 0.60 | [0.37, 0.99] | 0.045 | |
| Guinea | Age of child (months) | |||
| 6–11 | 1.00 | |||
| 12–17 | 0.59 | [0.27, 1.29] | 0.185 | |
| 18–23 | 0.22 | [0.11, 0.46] | <0.001 | |
| Household Wealth Index | ||||
| Poor | 1.00 | |||
| Middle | 0.48 | [0.19, 1.18] | 0.110 | |
| Rich | 0.36 | [0.16, 0.82] | 0.015 | |
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 1.00 | |||
| Rural | 2.16 | [1.12, 4.15] | 0.021 | |
| Timing of post‐natal check‐up | ||||
| No check‐up/missing | 1.00 | |||
| 0–2 days | 1.04 | [0.59, 1.82] | 0.895 | |
| 3–6 days | 1.60 | [0.56, 4.61] | 0.381 | |
| 7th day or later | 0.41 | [0.20, 0.86] | 0.018 | |
| Mother's literacy | ||||
| No | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 0.43 | [0.25, 0.72] | 0.001 | |
| Mali | Age of child (months) | |||
| 6–11 | 1.00 | |||
| 12–17 | 0.46 | [0.28, 0.76] | 0.002 | |
| 18–23 | 0.24 | [0.14, 0.38] | <0.001 | |
| Maternal BMI (kg m−2) | ||||
| Less than 18 | 1.00 | |||
| 18–25 | 0.39 | [0.17, 0.89] | 0.026 | |
| More than 25 | 0.39 | [0.17, 0.92] | 0.032 | |
| Geographical region | See details below § | |||
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 1.00 | |||
| Rural | 2.82 | [1.55, 5.12] | 0.001 | |
| Mother's education | ||||
| No schooling | 1.00 | |||
| Primary | 0.56 | [0.33, 0.94] | 0.028 | |
| Secondary and higher | 0.39 | [0.23, 0.65] | <0.001 | |
| Niger | Age of child (months) | |||
| 6–11 | 1.00 | |||
| 12–17 | 0.33 | [0.23, 0.46] | <0.001 | |
| 18–23 | 0.29 | [0.21, 0.42] | <0.001 | |
| Mother's education | ||||
| No schooling | 1.00 | |||
| Primary | 0.86 | [0.58, 1.28] | 0.459 | |
| Secondary and higher | 0.52 | [0.34, 0.78] | 0.002 | |
| Father's occupation | ||||
| Non‐agricultural | 1.00 | |||
| Agricultural | 0.51 | [0.35, 0.74] | <0.001 | |
| Perceived size of baby | ||||
| Small | 1.00 | |||
| Average | 0.62 | [0.40, 0.97] | 0.036 | |
| Large | 0.49 | [0.31, 0.77] | 0.002 | |
| Administrative region | See details below ¶ | |||
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 1.00 | |||
| Rural | 2.62 | [1.64, 4.18] | <0.001 | |
| Household Wealth Index | ||||
| Poor | 1.00 | |||
| Middle | 1.00 | [0.58, 1.71] | 0.997 | |
| Rich | 0.52 | [0.33, 0.82] | 0.005 | |
| Senegal | Birth order of child | |||
| First‐born | 1.00 | |||
| 2nd–4th | 1.27 | [0.95, 1.68] | 0.101 | |
| 5th or higher | 1.66 | [1.20, 2.31] | 0.002 | |
| Age of child (months) | ||||
| 6–11 | 1.00 | |||
| 12–17 | 0.51 | [0.37, 0.69] | <0.001 | |
| 18–23 | 0.40 | [0.29, 0.55] | <0.001 | |
| Mother's working status | ||||
| Non‐working | 1.00 | |||
| Working (past 12 months) | 0.72 | [0.55, 0.95] | 0.022 | |
| Antenatal clinic visits | ||||
| None | 1.00 | |||
| 1–3 | 0.72 | [0.37, 1.40] | 0.327 | |
| 4+ | 0.49 | [0.25, 0.96] | 0.038 | |
| Mother's education | ||||
| No schooling | 1.00 | |||
| Primary | 0.67 | [0.48, 0.94] | 0.020 | |
| Secondary and higher | 0.52 | [0.31, 0.87] | 0.013 | |
| Household Wealth Index | ||||
| Poor | 1.00 | |||
| Middle | 0.44 | [0.31, 0.63] | <0.001 | |
| Rich | 0.30 | [0.22, 0.41] | <0.001 | |
ARI, acute respiratory infection. *Compared with the Alibori region, the odds for not meeting the requirement for minimum dietary diversity was significantly lower in the Atacora [OR = 0.48, 95% CI: (0.24, 0.97)], Borgou [OR = 0.41, 95% CI: (0.21, 0.81)], Couffo [OR = 0.39, 95% CI: (0.19, 0.80)], Littoral [OR = 0.28, 95% CI: (0.14, 0.57)], Mono [OR = 0.47, 95% CI: (0.23, 0.96)] and Quémé [OR = 0.46, 95% CI: (0.23, 0.91)] regions in Benin. †Compared with the Boucle Mouhoun region, the odds for not meeting the minimum dietary diversity requirement was significantly higher in the Centre‐Est [OR = 4.73, 95% CI: (1.58, 14.15)], Centre Nord [OR = 4.12, 95% CI: (1.35, 12.56)], Centre‐Ouest [OR = 7.99, 95% CI: (2.73, 23.33)], Hauts Bassins [OR = 2.23, 95% CI: (1.14, 4.37)], Nord [OR = 3.02, 95% CI: (1.24, 7.34)], Plateau Central [OR = 2.98, 95% CI: (1.10, 8.08)] and Sahel [OR = 12.31, 95% CI: (2.37, 63.92)] regions in Burkina Faso. ‡Compared with the Centre region, the odds for not meeting the requirement for minimum dietary diversity was significantly lower in Centre‐Nord [OR = 0.40, 95% CI: (0.17, 0.93)], Nord‐Est [OR = 0.41, 95% CI: (0.18, 0.95)], Ouest [OR = 0.39, 95% CI: (0.18, 0.85)], Sud Sans Abidjan [OR = 0.26, 95% CI: (0.11, 0.59)] and Ville d'Abidjan [OR = 0.27, 95% CI: (0.12, 0.60)] regions in Cote d'Ivoire. §Compared with the Kayes region, the odds for not meeting the requirement for minimum dietary diversity was significantly higher in the Koulikor [OR = 2.35, 95% CI: (1.09, 5.03)], Segou [OR = 4.15, 95% CI: (1.74, 9.94)], Mopti [OR = 9.13, 95% CI: (2.90, 28.74)], Tombouct [OR = 5.82, 95% CI: (2.22, 15.23)] and Kidal [OR = 10.80, 95% CI: (1.87, 62.27)] regions in Mali. ¶Compared with the Agadez region, the odds for not meeting the requirement for minimum dietary diversity was significantly higher in the Dosso [OR = 1.05, 95% CI: (0.52, 2.13)] and lower in the Diffa [OR = 0.41, 95% CI: (0.20, 0.85)] regions in Niger.