Table 4.
Factors associated with not meeting the requirements for minimum meal frequency among children aged 6–23 months across seven francophone West African countries. Adjusted odds ratios by multivariate logistic regression analysis (2006–2012)
| Country | Variable | Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | P‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benin | Administrative region | See details below* | ||
| Age of child (months) | ||||
| 6–11 | 1.00 | |||
| 12–17 | 0.77 | [0.64, 0.93] | 0.007 | |
| 18–23 | 0.82 | [0.67, 0.98] | 0.034 | |
| Preceding birth interval | ||||
| No previous birth | 1.00 | |||
| <24 months | 0.69 | [0.50, 0.93] | 0.017 | |
| >24 months | 0.74 | [0.60, 0.91] | 0.004 | |
| Mother listened to the radio | ||||
| No | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 0.69 | [0.57, 0.82] | <0.001 | |
| Antenatal clinic visits | ||||
| None | 1.00 | |||
| 1–3 | 0.51 | [0.37, 0.71] | <0.001 | |
| 4+ | 0.60 | [0.44, 0.81] | 0.001 | |
| Mother's working status | ||||
| Non‐working | 1.00 | |||
| Working (past 12 months) | 0.69 | [0.57, 0.83] | <0.001 | |
| Child had fever (last 2 weeks) | ||||
| No | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 0.73 | [0.58, 0.91] | 0.006 | |
| Burkina Faso | Age of child (months) | |||
| 6–11 | 1.00 | |||
| 12–17 | 0.66 | [0.54, 0.79] | <0.001 | |
| 18–23 | 0.56 | [0.47, 0.67] | <0.001 | |
| Mother's age (years) | ||||
| 15–24 | 1.00 | |||
| 25–34 | 0.87 | [0.73, 1.04] | 0.124 | |
| 35–49 | 0.80 | [0.65, 0.98] | 0.032 | |
| Timing of post‐natal check‐up | ||||
| No check‐up/missing | 1.00 | |||
| 0–2 days | 0.81 | [0.68, 0.98] | 0.028 | |
| 3–6 days | 0.87 | [0.69, 1.11] | 0.258 | |
| 7th day or later | 0.95 | [0.56, 1.60] | 0.844 | |
| Father's occupation | ||||
| Non‐agricultural | 1.00 | |||
| Agricultural | 1.25 | [1.04, 1.49] | 0.016 | |
| Mother's working status | ||||
| Non‐working | 1.00 | |||
| Working (past 12 months) | 0.65 | [0.52, 0.82] | <0.001 | |
| Geographical region | See details below † | |||
| Cote d'Ivoire | Birth order of baby | |||
| First‐born | 1.00 | |||
| 2nd–4th | 1.12 | [0.84, 1.48] | 0.440 | |
| 5th or higher | 0.74 | [0.55, 1.00] | 0.050 | |
| Age of child (months) | ||||
| 6–11 | 1.00 | |||
| 12–17 | 0.83 | [0.65, 1.07] | 0.155 | |
| 18–23 | 0.94 | [0.69, 1.28] | 0.683 | |
| Geographical region | See details below ‡ | |||
| Household Wealth Index | ||||
| Poor | 1.00 | |||
| Middle | 0.71 | [0.56, 0.91] | 0.006 | |
| Rich | 0.72 | [0.48, 1.08] | 0.115 | |
| Guinea | Mother watched television | |||
| No | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 0.65 | [0.48, 0.88] | 0.005 | |
| Geographical region | See details below § | |||
| Antenatal clinic visits | ||||
| None | 1.00 | |||
| 1–3 | 0.81 | [0.51, 1.26] | 0.345 | |
| 4+ | 0.61 | [0.41, 0.90] | 0.014 | |
| Timing of post‐natal check‐up | ||||
| No check‐up/missing | 1.00 | |||
| 0–2 days | 0.63 | [0.44, 0.91] | 0.014 | |
| 3–6 days | 0.88 | [0.46, 1.69] | 0.694 | |
| 7th day or later | 0.60 | [0.40, 0.91] | 0.017 | |
| Mali | Age of child (months) | |||
| 6–11 | 1.00 | |||
| 12–17 | 0.14 | [0.03, 0.59] | 0.007 | |
| 18–23 | 0.03 | [0.01, 0.10] | <0.001 | |
| Mother's age at child's birth (years) | ||||
| Less than 20 | 1.00 | |||
| 20–29 | 1.91 | [1.15, 3.18] | 0.013 | |
| 30–39 | 2.77 | [1.53, 5.03] | 0.001 | |
| More than 40 | 1.58 | [0.38, 6.66] | 0.532 | |
| Mother read newspaper/magazine | ||||
| No | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 0.39 | [0.20, 0.78] | 0.007 | |
| Mother listened to the radio | ||||
| No | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 0.45 | [0.22, 0.91] | 0.027 | |
| Niger | Age of child (months) | |||
| 6–11 | 1.00 | |||
| 12–17 | 0.76 | [0.63, 0.92] | 0.005 | |
| 18–23 | 0.86 | [0.68, 1.09] | 0.215 | |
| Mother's marital status | ||||
| Currently married | 1.00 | |||
| Formerly married | 1.86 | [1.03, 3.37] | 0.04 | |
| Mother's education | ||||
| No schooling | 1.00 | |||
| Primary | 0.68 | [0.52, 0.89] | 0.005 | |
| Secondary and higher | 0.76 | [0.51, 1.13] | 0.182 | |
| Mother listened to the radio | ||||
| No | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 0.77 | [0.64, 0.94] | 0.009 | |
| Perceived size of baby | ||||
| Small | 1.00 | |||
| Average | 0.61 | [0.49, 0.76] | <0.001 | |
| Large | 0.66 | [0.50, 0.87] | 0.004 | |
| Administrative region | See details below ¶ | |||
| Senegal | Geographical region | See details below** | ||
| Perceived size of baby | ||||
| Small | 1.00 | |||
| Average | 0.85 | [0.67, 1.08] | 0.191 | |
| Large | 0.61 | [0.44, 0.84] | 0.002 | |
| Timing of post‐natal check‐up | ||||
| No check‐up/missing | 1.00 | |||
| 0–2 days | 0.72 | [0.53, 0.98] | 0.038 | |
| 3–6 days | 0.85 | [0.53, 1.35] | 0.487 | |
| 7th day or later | 0.51 | [0.38, 0.69] | <0.001 | |
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 1.00 | |||
| Rural | 1.54 | [1.20, 1.99] | 0.001 | |
| Mode of delivery | ||||
| Non‐Caesarean | 1.00 | |||
| Caesarean | 2.14 | [1.11, 4.13] | 0.023 | |
*Compared with the Alibori region, the odds for not meeting the requirements for minimum meal frequency was significantly lower in the Borgou [OR = 0.27, 95% CI: (0.16, 0.44)], Colline [OR = 0.39, 95% CI: (0.23, 0.66)], Couffo [OR = 0.36, 95% CI: (0.22, 0.61)], Donga [OR = 0.46, 95% CI: (0.28, 0.76)], Littoral [OR = 0.41, 95% CI: (0.24, 0.68)], Quémé [OR = 0.29, 95% CI: (0.18, 0.48)] and Zou [OR = 0.29, 95% CI: (0.18, 0.47)] regions in Benin. †Compared with the Boucle Mouhoun region, the odds for not meeting the requirement for minimum meal frequency was significantly higher in Centre [OR = 1.77, 95% CI: (1.15, 2.74)], Centre‐Est [OR = 1.56, 95% CI: (1.05, 2.32)], Centre‐Nord [OR = 2.06, 95% CI: (1.36, 3.13)], Centre‐Ouest [OR = 2.24, 95% CI: (1.54, 3.26)], Centre‐Sud [OR = 1.66, 95% CI: (1.13, 2.43)], Plateau central [OR = 2.12, 95% CI: (1.41, 3.17)] and Sud‐Est [OR = 2.08, 95% CI: (1.26, 3.43)] regions in Burkina Faso. ‡Compared with the Centre region, the odds for not meeting the requirement for minimum meal frequency was significantly lower in the Centre‐Nord [OR = 0.46, 95% CI: (0.240.90)] and Nord [OR = 0.48, 95% CI: (0.29, 0.80)] regions in Cote d'Ivoire. §Compared with the Boké region, the odds for not meeting the requirement for minimum meal frequency was significantly lower in the Conakry [OR = 0.44, 95% CI: (0.24, 0.83)], Faranah [OR = 0.52, 95% CI: (0.28, 0.95)], Kankan [OR = 0.34, 95% CI: (0.20, 0.60)], Kindia [OR = 0.48, 95% CI: (0.26, 0.86)], Labé [OR = 0.18, 95% CI: (0.09, 0.30)] and Mamou [OR = 0.27, 95% CI: (0.15, 0.47)] regions in Guinea. ¶Compared with the Agadez region, the odds for not meeting the requirement for minimum meal frequency was significantly lower in the Diffa [OR = 0.32, 95% CI: (0.15, 0.69)], Dosso [OR = 0.27, 95% CI: (0.14, 0.53)], Maradi [OR = 0.30, 95% CI: (0.16, 0.56)], Tahoua [OR = 0.35, 95% CI: (0.19, 0.65)], Tillabér [OR = 0.17, 95% CI: (0.09, 0.32)] and Zinder [OR = 0.41, 95% CI: (0.22, 0.79)] regions in Niger. **Compared with the Dakar region, the odds for not meeting the requirement for minimum meal frequency was significantly lower in the Dourbel [OR = 0.16, 95% CI: (0.09, 0.28)], Fatick [OR = 0.28, 95% CI: (0.14, 0.55)], Kaolack [OR = 0.54, 95% CI: (0.30, 0.97)], Louga [OR = 0.40, 95% CI: (0.23, 0.71)], Matam [OR = 0.26, 95% CI: (0.15, 0.45)], Saint‐Loius [OR = 0.17, 95% CI: (0.09, 0.32)], Tambacounda [OR = 0.39, 95% CI: (0.21, 0.73)] and Thiès [OR = 0.21, 95% CI: (0.11, 0.40)] regions in Senegal.