Table 1.
Factors associated with breastfeeding exclusivity at 16 weeks post‐partum among migrant and Canadian‐born women
| Migrant women | Canadian‐born women | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exclusively breastfeeding at 16 weeks (n = 810) | Exclusively breastfeeding at 16 weeks (n = 374) | |||||
| Yes | No | χ 2 | Yes | No | χ 2 | |
| (n = 411) | (n = 399) | P‐value | (n = 265) | (n = 109) | P‐value | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Migration group | <0.001 | N/A | ||||
| Refugee | 34.6 (44) | 65.4 (83) | – | – | ||
| Asylum‐seeker | 52.4 (151) | 47.6 (137) | – | – | ||
| Non‐refugee immigrant | 54.7 (216) | 45.3 (179) | – | – | ||
| UN world region | <0.001 | N/A | ||||
| North America | 90.9 (10) | 9.1 (1) | – | – | ||
| Africa | 43.8 (74) | 56.2 (95) | – | – | ||
| Asia/Oceania | 50.2 (147) | 49.8 (146) | – | – | ||
| Europe | 72.6 (45) | 27.4 (17) | – | – | ||
| Latin America | 49.1 (135) | 50.9 (140) | – | – | ||
| Residential city | <0.001 | 0.255 | ||||
| Montreal | 43.3 (157) | 56.7 (206) | 64.7 (66) | 35.3 (36) | ||
| Toronto | 55.4 (155) | 44.6 (125) | 74.7 (68) | 25.3 (23) | ||
| Vancouver | 59.3 (99) | 40.7 (68) | 72.4 (131) | 27.6 (53) | ||
| Maternal age | 0.161 | 0.793 | ||||
| <20 years | 42.9 (6) | 57.1 (8) | 50.0 (1) | 50.0 (1) | ||
| 20–34 years | 49.2 (308) | 50.8 (318) | 71.4 (157) | 28.6 (63) | ||
| ≥35 years | 57.1 (97) | 42.9 (73) | 70.4 (107) | 29.6 (45) | ||
| Educational level | 0.657 | 0.220 | ||||
| ≤12 years | 49.8 (158) | 50.2 (159) | 62.2 (23) | 37.8 (14) | ||
| >12 years | 51.6 (249) | 48.4 (234) | 71.8 (242) | 28.2 (95) | ||
| Annual household income | 0.029 | 0.003 | ||||
| <$30 000 | 46.9 (226) | 53.1 (256) | 46.4 (13) | 53.6 (15) | ||
| ≥$30 000 | 55.7 (128) | 44.3 (102) | 72.7 (240) | 27.3 (90) | ||
| Smoking status | 0.478 | 0.956 | ||||
| Yes | 42.9 (9) | 57.1 (12) | 71.4 (10) | 28.6 (4) | ||
| Migration history | ||||||
| Time since migration | 0.407 | N/A | ||||
| <2 years | 52.4 (204) | 47.6 (185) | – | – | ||
| ≥2 years | 49.5 (206) | 50.5 (210) | – | – | ||
| Gender‐related Development Index | <0.001 | N/A | ||||
| Low | 40.2 (102) | 59.8 (152) | – | – | ||
| Middle | 55.2 (132) | 44.8 (107) | – | – | ||
| High | 60.7 (147) | 39.3 (95) | – | – | ||
| Language most comfortable speaking | 0.916 | N/A | ||||
| English or French | 50.9 (293) | 49.1 (283) | – | – | ||
| Other | 50.5 (112) | 49.5 (110) | – | – | ||
| Country most comfortable living in | 0.018 | N/A | ||||
| Canada or equally in Canada and country of origin | 48.2 (293) | 51.8 (316) | – | – | ||
| Country of origin or nowhere | 57.9 (114) | 42.1 (83) | – | – | ||
| Social characteristics | ||||||
| Social support | 0.206* | 0.144* | ||||
| Score on PRQ, mean (SD) | 5.74 (0.81) | 5.67 (0.79) | 6.42 (0.46) | 6.33 (0.53) | ||
| Residence with infant's father | 0.426 | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 51.3 (334) | 48.7 (317) | 73.5 (253) | 26.5 (91) | ||
| Breastfeeding support from father | 0.374 | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 51.4 (357) | 48.6 (338) | 72.2 (262) | 27.8 (101) | ||
| Breastfeeding support from mother | 0.017 | 0.534 | ||||
| Yes | 53.0 (340) | 47.0 (302) | 71.3 (236) | 28.7 (95) | ||
| Breastfeeding support from peers | 0.082 | 0.283 | ||||
| Yes | 52.4 (332) | 47.6 (302) | 71.5 (248) | 28.5 (99) | ||
| Obstetrical history | ||||||
| Parity | 0.156 | 0.530 | ||||
| 1 | 53.1 (206) | 46.9 (182) | 73.2 (153) | 26.8 (56) | ||
| 2 | 51.1 (143) | 48.9 (137) | 67.8 (82) | 32.2 (39) | ||
| 3 or more | 43.7 (62) | 56.3 (80) | 68.2 (30) | 31.8 (14) | ||
| Mode of delivery | 0.469 | 0.877 | ||||
| Vaginal birth | 51.8 (277) | 48.2 (258) | 71.1 (170) | 28.9 (69) | ||
| Caesarean section | 49.1 (134) | 50.9 (139) | 70.4 (95) | 29.6 (40) | ||
| Infant admission to NICU | 0.102 | 0.014 | ||||
| Yes | 40.7 (24) | 59.3 (35) | 28.6 (2) | 71.4 (5) | ||
| Breastfeeding characteristics | ||||||
| Infant feeding plan | <0.001 | 0.012 | ||||
| Breastfeed only | 57.5 (342) | 42.5 (253) | 72.5 (251) | 27.5 (95) | ||
| Other | 32.1 (69) | 67.9 (146) | 50.0 (14) | 50.0 (14) | ||
| Previous breastfeeding experience | 0.297 | 0.455 | ||||
| Yes | 48.8 (191) | 51.2 (200) | 68.8 (108) | 31.2 (49) | ||
| Peer breastfeeding duration | 0.774 | 0.180 | ||||
| No breastfeeding or do not know | 50.5 (55) | 49.5 (54) | 69.6 (39) | 30.4 (17) | ||
| Most breastfeed <6 months | 55.4 (31) | 44.6 (25) | 57.6 (19) | 42.4 (14) | ||
| Most breastfeed ≥6 months | 50.4 (323) | 49.6 (318) | 72.9 (207) | 27.1 (77) | ||
| Timing of decision to breastfeed | 0.001 | 0.806 | ||||
| Before pregnancy | 54.1 (322) | 45.9 (273) | 71.1 (216) | 28.9 (88) | ||
| During pregnancy or at birth | 41.2 (87) | 58.8 (124) | 69.6 (48) | 30.4 (21) | ||
| Planned duration of exclusive breastfeeding | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| No exclusive breastfeeding | 31.9 (61) | 68.1 (130) | 46.2 (12) | 53.8 (14) | ||
| <6 months | 48.7 (57) | 51.3 (60) | 57.1 (28) | 42.9 (21) | ||
| ≥6 months | 57.2 (259) | 42.8 (194) | 74.8 (208) | 25.2 (70) | ||
| Had engorgement pain at 1 week | 0.153 | 0.351 | ||||
| Yes | 46.8 (111) | 53.2 (126) | 67.5 (77) | 32.5 (37) | ||
| Had nipple pain at 1 week | 0.805 | 0.641 | ||||
| Yes | 51.3 (159) | 48.7 (151) | 69.6 (117) | 30.4 (51) | ||
| Was exclusively breastfeeding at 1 week | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 59.6 (335) | 40.4 (227) | 75.8 (241) | 24.2 (77) | ||
| Maternal mood | ||||||
| EPDS at 1 week | 0.440 | 0.023 | ||||
| Score <10 | 51.6 (320) | 48.4 (300) | 72.9 (237) | 27.1 (88) | ||
| Score ≥10 | 48.4 (90) | 51.6 (96) | 57.1 (28) | 42.9 (21) | ||
EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; PRQ, Personal Resources Questionnaire. Note: Data are presented as % (n). *t‐Test P‐value.