Table 2.
Body mass index‐for‐age z‐scores according to age and baseline characteristics. Acrelândia, Brazil, unadjusted analysis (2003–2009)
| n * | Mean BAZ (SE) according to age †‡ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 months | 12 months | 2 years | 7 years | 10 years | ||
| Child's sex | 255 | |||||
| Female | −0.27 (0.24) | 0.09 (0.21) | −0.28 (0.11) | −0.57 (0.09) | −0.14 (0.10) | |
| Male | 0.44 (0.22) | 0.93 (0.20) | 0.04 (0.13) | −0.09 (0.10) | 0.06 (0.13) | |
| Difference (95% CI) | 0.71 (0.07, 1.35) | 0.84 (0.27, 1.41) | 0.32 (−0.01, 0.64) | 0.48 (0.22, 0.74) | 0.20 (−0.12, 0.52) | |
| Wealth index | 253 | |||||
| Below median | 0.03 (0.14) | 0.42 (0.17) | −0.20 (0.12) | −0.47 (0.09) | −0.25 (0.11) | |
| Above median | 0.08 (0.34) | 0.58 (0.24) | −0.05 (0.12) | −0.17 (−0.10) | 0.18 (0.12) | |
| Difference | 0.05 (−0.68, 0.78) | 0.16 (−0.43, 0.74) | 0.15 (−0.18, 0.48) | 0.30 (0.03, 0.56) | 0.43 (0.11, 0.75) | |
| Mother's BMI (kg m−2) | 229 | |||||
| Non‐overweight (<25) | −0.04 (0.19) | 0.28 (0.17) | −0.22 (0.10) | −0.50 (0.08) | −0.27 (0.10) | |
| Overweight (≥25) | 0.32 (0.43) | 1.20 (0.27) | 0.13 (0.16) | 0.05 (0.15) | 0.41 (0.15) | |
| Difference | 0.36 (−0.56, 1.29) | 0.92 (0.28, 1.56) | 0.35 (−0.02, 0.72) | 0.55 (0.22, 0.88) | 0.68 (0.33, 1.04) | |
| Hypertension during pregnancy | 228 | |||||
| No | 0.10 (0.17) | 0.35 (0.16) | −0.16 (0.09) | −0.36 (0.07) | −0.08 (0.09) | |
| Yes | 0.13 (0.49) | 1.21 (0.35) | 0.18 (0.22) | 0.06 (0.24) | 0.37 (0.25) | |
| Difference | 0.03 (−0.99, 1.05) | 0.86 (0.10, 1.61) | 0.34 (−0.14, 0.81) | 0.42 (−0.06, 0.91) | 0.45 (−0.06, 0.97) | |
| Child's birthweight (g) | 249 | |||||
| a. ≤2500 | 0.96 (0.47) | 1.00 (0.43) | −0.05 (0.35) | −0.30 (0.37) | 0.14 (0.39) | |
| b. 2501–3500 | −0.31 (0.19) | 0.15 (0.19) | −0.27 (0.10) | −0.39 (0.08) | −0.09 (0.09) | |
| c. >3500 | 0.67 (0.23) | 1.02 (0.22) | 0.18 (0.15) | −0.18 (0.11) | 0.05 (0.17) | |
| Difference (a – b) | 1.27 (0.27, 2.27) | 0.85 (−0.06, 1.77) | 0.22 (−0.50, 0.94) | 0.09 (−0.65, 0.83) | 0.23 (−0.55, 1.02) | |
| Difference (c – b) | 0.98 (0.40, 1.57) | 0.87 (0.31, 1.43) | 0.45 (0.09, 0.81) | 0.21 (−0.07, 0.49) | 0.14 (−0.24, 0.52) | |
| Age at cow's milk introduction (months) | 241 | |||||
| <3 | 0.34 (0.22) | 0.89 (0.27) | 0.03 (0.16) | −0.18 (0.13) | 0.01 (0.15) | |
| ≥3 | −0.03 (0.33) | 0.32 (0.18) | −0.17 (0.10) | −0.40 (0.08) | −0.10 (0.10) | |
| Difference | 0.37 (−0.40, 1.15) | 0.57 (−0.07, 1.21) | 0.20 (−0.17, 0.58) | 0.22 (−0.08, 0.52) | 0.11 (−0.24, 0.47) | |
| Stunting at baseline | 255 | |||||
| No | 0.00 (0.18) | 0.49 (0.15) | −0.14 (0.09) | −0.36 (0.07) | −0.06 (0.08) | |
| Yes | 0.77 (0.78) | 1.25 (1.09) | −0.29 (0.23) | 0.56 (0.50) | 0.21 (0.21) | |
| Difference | 0.77 (−0.79, 2.34) | 0.76 (−1.39, 2.91) | −0.15 (−0.61, 0.31) | 0.92 (−0.07, 1.90) | 0.27 (−0.14, 0.68) | |
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; SE, standard error. *Totals may be less than 255 due to missing values. †BAZ: BMI‐for‐age z‐scores,calculated according to the World Health Organization (WHO) growth references (de Onis et al. 2007,WHO 2006). ‡Unadjusted mean values and standard errors were estimated from restricted cubic spline regression models.