Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status in Kabarole district, Uganda, 2007–2008 (chi‐squared and t‐tests). n = 182, unless otherwise indicated
| Variables* | All (n = 182) | HIV+ (n = 44) | HIV– (n = 138) | P‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (in years) | 24.1 ± 5.8 | 24.1 ± 5.3 | 24.1 ± 6.0 | 0.992 |
| Tribe † | ||||
| Batooro | 129 (83.8) | 30 (68.2) | 99 (71.7) | 0.722 |
| Religion † | ||||
| Christian | 159 (97.0) | 40 (100.0) | 119 (96.0) | 0.197 |
| Other | 5 (3.1) | |||
| Marital status | ||||
| Married/living with partner | 121 (66.5) | 32 (72.7) | 89 (64.5) | 0.314 |
| County | ||||
| Fort Portal (urban) | 44 (24.2) | 18 (40.9) | 26 (18.8) | 0.007 |
| Burahya (rural) | 112 (61.5) | 23 (52.3) | 89 (64.5) | |
| Bunyangabu (rural) | 26 (14.3) | 3 (6.8) | 23 (16.7) | |
| Education | ||||
| No formal education | 14 (7.7) | 3 (6.8) | 11 (8.0) | 0.671 |
| Some elementary | 102 (56.0) | 28 (63.6) | 74 (53.6) | |
| Completed elementary | 29 (15.9) | 5 (11.4) | 24 (17.4) | |
| More than elementary | 37 (20.3) | 8 (18.2) | 29 (21.0) | |
| Employment | ||||
| Employed at home | 147 (80.8) | 35 (79.6) | 112 (81.2) | 0.813 |
| Partner employment † | ||||
| Employed at home | 73 (41.5) | 16 (36.4) | 57 (43.2) | 0.427 |
| Electricity – yes | 11 (6.0) | 2 (4.6) | 9 (6.5) | 0.632 |
| Household possessions ‡ | ||||
| Radio | 85 (46.7) | 24 (54.6) | 61 (44.2) | 0.231 |
| Telephone | 36 (19.8) | 6 (13.6) | 30 (21.7) | 0.240 |
| Lantern | 39 (21.4) | 10 (22.7) | 29 (21.0) | 0.809 |
| Bicycle | 41 (22.5) | 8 (18.2) | 33 (23.9) | 0.428 |
| Cupboards | 28 (15.4) | 3 (6.8) | 25 (18.1) | 0.071 |
| Fuel | ||||
| Only firewood | 155 (85.6) | 36 (83.7) | 119 (86.2) | 0.682 |
| Other than firewood | 26 (14.4) | 7 (16.3) | 19 (13.8) | |
| House composition | ||||
| Cement floor | 40 (22.0) | 5 (11.4) | 35 (25.4) | 0.051 |
| Iron sheet roof | 168 (92.3) | 42 (95.5) | 126 (91.3) | 0.368 |
| Brick wall | 40 (22.0) | 6 (13.6) | 34 (24.6) | 0.125 |
| Number of household occupants | 4.2 ± 1.9 | 3.7 ± 1.4 | 4.4 ± 2.0 | 0.020 |
| Gender of child | ||||
| Female | 109 (59.9) | 28 (63.6) | 81 (58.7) | 0.560 |
| Mothers who have had children who died | 6 (3.3) | 1 (2.3) | 5 (3.6) | 0.662 |
| Child sickness ‡ | ||||
| Sick ≥ once since birth | 108 (59.3) | 24 (54.6) | 84 (60.9) | 0.457 |
| RTI | 81 (44.5) | 17 (38.6) | 64 (46.4) | 0.368 |
| Fever | 35 (19.2) | 10 (22.7) | 25 (18.1) | 0.499 |
| GI | 7 (3.9) | 2 (4.6) | 5 (3.6) | 0.782 |
| Other/unknown | 9 (5.0) | 4 (9.1) | 5 (3.6) | 0.145 |
| Immunizations ‡ | ||||
| Visit 1 | 180 (98.9) | 44 (100.0) | 136 (98.6) | 0.422 |
| Visit 2 | 166 (91.2) | 41 (93.2) | 125 (90.6) | 0.596 |
| Visit 3 | 71 (39.0) | 19 (43.2) | 52 (37.7) | 0.515 |
| Antenatal session attendance | 181 (99.5) | |||
| Number of antenatal visits † | 3.5 ± 1.4 | 3.7 ± 1.8 | 3.5 ± 1.3 | 0.407 |
| Knowledge of HIV transmission through breastfeeding | ||||
| Yes | 163 (89.6) | 38 (86.4) | 125 (90.6) | 0.295 |
| No | 7 (3.9) | 1 (2.3) | 6 (4.4) | |
| Don't know | 12 (6.6) | 5 (11.4) | 7 (5.1) | |
| Source of breastfeeding advice | ||||
| HCW | 148 (81.3) | 37 (84.1) | 111 (80.4) | 0.799 |
| Grandmother | 12 (6.6) | 2 (4.6) | 10 (7.3) | |
| Other | 22 (12.1) | 5 (11.4) | 17 (12.3) | |
| Preferred EBF at 3 months | 123 (67.6) | 29 (65.9) | 94 (68.1) | 0.785 |
| 3 months EBF | 117 (64.3) | 25 (56.8) | 92 (66.7) | 0.235 |
| Support of family † | ||||
| Yes | 175 (96.7) | 41 (95.4) | 134 (97.1) | 0.575 |
| Delivery method | ||||
| Vaginal delivery | 160 (87.9) | 36 (81.8) | 124 (89.9) | 0.154 |
| Gestational age † | 37.2 ± 1.3 | 36.8 ± 1.7 | 37.3 ± 1.2 | 0.026 |
| Parity † | ||||
| Primigravida | 61 (34.3) | 18 (40.9) | 43 (32.1) | 0.285 |
| Birthweight † | 3.2 ± 0.4 | 3.1 ± 0.4 | 3.2 ± 0.4 | 0.130 |
RTI, respiratory tract infection; GI, gastrointestinal illness; HCW, health care worker; EBF, exclusive breastfeeding; *Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD; discrete variables as n(%). †Variables having missing values. Denominators (total n; n for HIV‐positive; n for HIV‐negative) are as follows: tribe (154; 35; 119); religion (164; 40; 124); partner employment (176; 44; 132); number of antenatal visits (179; 43; 136); support of family (181; 43; 138); gestational age (162; 41; 121); parity (178; 44; 134); weight (175; 42; 133). ‡Not mutually exclusive.