Table 2.
Odds ratios for early introduction of solid, semi‐solid or soft foods (3–5 months) and not given solid, semi‐solid or soft foods (6–8 months): multivariate analysis
| Characteristic | Early introduction of solid, semi‐solid or soft foods (3–5 months) | Non‐introduction of solid, semi‐solid or soft foods (6–8 months) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||||||
| OR | (95% CI) | P | OR | (95% CI) | P | OR | (95% CI) | P | OR | (95% CI) | P | |
| Individual level factors | ||||||||||||
| Maternal working status | ||||||||||||
| Non‐working | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| Working (past 12 months) | 1.40 | (0.70, 2.82) | 0.333 | 1.18 | (0.69, 2.03) | 0.526 | ||||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Currently married | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| Formerly married (div/sep/widow) | 1.04 | (0.33, 3.27) | 0.952 | 0.70 | (0.10, 4.80) | 0.724 | ||||||
| Maternal education | ||||||||||||
| No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| Primary | 1.19 | (0.49, 2.86) | 0.690 | 0.90 | (0.49, 1.64) | 0.736 | ||||||
| Secondary and above | 1.39 | (0.65, 2.99) | 0.384 | 0.40 | (0.23, 0.70) | 0.002 | ||||||
| Literacy | ||||||||||||
| Cannot read at all | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| Able to read only passage | 1.41 | (0.75, 2.62) | 0.274 | 0.58 | (0.37, 0.90) | 0.017 | ||||||
| Partner's education | ||||||||||||
| No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| Primary | 0.54 | (0.18, 1.63) | 0.277 | 1.05 | (0.50, 2.18) | 0.885 | ||||||
| Secondary and above | 1.10 | (0.58, 2.07) | 0.755 | 0.50 | (0.28, 0.87) | 0.016 | ||||||
| Mother's age | ||||||||||||
| 15–19 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| 20–34 years | 0.99 | (0.36, 2.65) | 0.985 | 0.58 | (0.22, 1.57) | 0.293 | ||||||
| 35–49 years | 1.04 | (0.32, 3.34) | 0.938 | 0.68 | (0.23, 1.98) | 0.481 | ||||||
| Birth order | ||||||||||||
| First‐born | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Second to fourth | 1.02 | (0.44, 2.36) | 0.949 | 1.67 | (0.93, 3.00) | 0.085 | 1.80 | (0.99, 3.26) | 0.051 | |||
| Five or more | 0.77 | (0.29, 2.03) | 0.602 | 2.57 | (1.30, 5.08) | 0.006 | 2.04 | (1.00, 4.14) | 0.049 | |||
| Preceding birth interval | ||||||||||||
| No previous birth | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| 0–14 months | 1.01 | (0.22, 4.60) | 0.987 | 0.57 | (0.15, 2.07) | 0.396 | ||||||
| 4–24 months | 0.50 | (0.15, 1.63) | 0.254 | 2.79 | (1.35, 5.76) | 0.006 | ||||||
| ≥25 months | 1.12 | (0.49, 2.54) | 0.782 | 1.85 | (1.01, 3.39) | 0.045 | ||||||
| Sex of baby | ||||||||||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| Female | 0.96 | (0.53, 1.75) | 0.913 | 1.16 | (0.74, 1.81) | 0.515 | ||||||
| Age of child (months) | 2.88 | (1.93, 4.31) | <0.001 | 3.00 | (2.02, 4.47) | <0.001 | 0.61 | (0.47, 0.80) | <0.001 | |||
| Size of baby | ||||||||||||
| Average | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| Large | 1.36 | (0.67, 2.74) | 0.385 | 0.77 | (0.45, 1.33) | 0.365 | ||||||
| Small | 1.66 | (0.79, 3.47) | 0.173 | 0.91 | (0.48, 1.73) | 0.792 | ||||||
| Place of delivery | ||||||||||||
| Home | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| Health facility | 1.38 | (0.74, 2.58) | 0.298 | 0.39 | (0.24, 0.62) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Mode of delivery | ||||||||||||
| Non‐caesarean | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| Caesarean section | 0.39 | (0.95, 1.65) | 0.206 | 0.55 | (0.26, 1.15) | 0.114 | ||||||
| Type of delivery assistance | ||||||||||||
| Health professional | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| Traditional birth attendant | 0.91 | (0.46, 1.79) | 0.792 | 2.35 | (1.38, 4.01) | 0.002 | ||||||
| Other | 0.55 | (0.24, 1.27) | 0.164 | 1.24 | (0.68, 2.26) | 0.470 | ||||||
| Antenatal clinic visits | ||||||||||||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| 1–2 | 1.51 | (0.73, 3.14) | 0.269 | 1.60 | (0.73, 3.51) | 0.237 | 0.60 | (0.35, 1.05) | 0.077 | |||
| 4+ | 2.11 | (1.01, 4.42) | 0.047 | 2.68 | (1.21, 5.89) | 0.014 | 0.29 | (0.15, 0.54) | <0.001 | |||
| Timing of post‐natal checkup | ||||||||||||
| Immediate (hosp. birth) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| 0–2 days | 1.18 | (0.44, 3.16) | 0.731 | 0.76 | (0.35, 1.64) | 0.489 | ||||||
| 3–6 days | 1.26 | (0.62, 2.57) | 0.523 | 1.65 | (0.35, 7.74) | 0.523 | ||||||
| Seventh day or later | 1.23 | (0.32, 4.71) | 0.759 | 3.87 | (0.29, 50.59) | 0.299 | ||||||
| Household level factors | ||||||||||||
| Household Wealth Index | ||||||||||||
| Richest | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Richer | 1.19 | (0.48, 2.94) | 0.701 | 0.77 | (0.39, 1.52) | 0.458 | 2.22 | (0.99, 4.94) | 0.051 | |||
| Middle | 1.53 | (0.64, 3.61) | 0.332 | 1.30 | (0.62, 2.73) | 0.484 | 7.82 | (3.49, 17.55) | <0.001 | |||
| Poorer | 0.82 | (0.31, 2.18) | 0.703 | 0.37 | (0.18, 0.75) | 0.007 | 4.84 | (2.34, 10.45) | <0.001 | |||
| Poorest | 1.79 | (0.70, 4.56) | 0.216 | 0.16 | (0.07, 0.35) | <0.001 | 5.72 | (2.60, 12.57) | <0.001 | |||
| Residence | ||||||||||||
| Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| Urban | 0.62 | (0.33, 1.17) | 0.143 | 2.61 | (1.52, 4.48) | 0.001 | ||||||
| Geographical region | ||||||||||||
| Punjab | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Sindh | 2.27 | (1.07, 4.82) | 0.031 | 2.89 | (1.33, 6.26) | 0.007 | 0.73 | (0.42, 1.27) | 0.272 | |||
| NWFP | 1.13 | (0.44, 2.88) | 0.786 | 1.41 | (0.55, 3.61) | 0.467 | 0.63 | (0.34, 1.16) | 0.140 | |||
| Balochistan | 4.25 | (1.62, 11.16) | 0.003 | 6.75 | (2.39, 19.06) | <0.001 | 0.67 | (0.32, 1.42) | 0.303 | |||
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; NWFP, North West Frontier Province.