Table 6.

Impacts of high‐fat products on nutritional status

Author	Site	Study design	Subjects	Study group	Control group	Intake	Outcome
Prentice (Prentice et al. 1987)	Gambia	Historical control	All pregnant women in catchments area	Fortified biscuits and tea	Un‐supplemented	Daily intake about 671 kcal	Significant improvement in birthweight (3010 g vs. 2810 g) in hungry season; no effect in dry season (2972 g vs. 2959 g).
Ceesay (Ceesay et al. 1997)	Gambia	Cluster‐randomization	Pregnant women from 20 weeks of gestation	Biscuits containing 1015 kcal energy, 22 g protein and 56 g fat.	Un‐supplemented	The maximum intake was two biscuits	Significant increase in birthweight by 201 g in hungry season, but not in harvest season; head circumference in 3.1 mm; reducing odds of stillbirth and all death by 53% and 46%, respectively.
Huybregts (Huybregts et al. 2009a)	Burkina Faso	RCT	Pregnant women starting from first trimester and some second trimester	LNS fortified with 1 RNI MMN as UNIMMAP	UNIMMAP	72 g LNS (372 kcal, 14.7 g protein, 27.6 g fat,	No significant difference in birthweight;
							Significantly greater birth length (4.6 mm longer in LNS group) and placental weight (15.6 g heavier) in LNS group.

LNS, Lipid‐based nutrient supplement; MMN, multiple micronutrient; RCT, randomized controlled trial; RNI, recommended nutrient intake; UNIMMAP, United Nations International Multiple Micronutrient Preparation.