Table 8.

Impacts of formulated protein‐energy drink

Author	Site	Study design	Subjects	Study group	Control group	Intake	Outcome
Adair (Adair & Pollitt 1985)	Taiwan, China	Placebo‐controlled, double‐blinded RCT (multivitamin mineral supplements provided to both groups)	Women 3 weeks after first birth through first lactation, second pregnancy and second lactation (15 months)	Chocolate flavoured nutrient dense drink (400 kcal per serving)	Placebo drink (3 kcal before 06/1971 and 43 kcal after, per serving)	17 oz	Significantly heavier in post‐treatment than in pre‐treatment for male babies (3216 g vs. 3054 g); maternal haematocrits significantly greater (35.3% vs. 33%).
Kardjati (Kardjati et al. 1988)	Indonesia	RCT	Women at 26–28 weeks of gestation	High‐energy drink (465 kcal per serving) ‘jamu’	Low‐energy drink (52 kcal per serving, 6.2 g protein)	200 mL (465 kcal, 7.1 g protein)	No significant effects
Rush (Rush et al. 1980)	New York, USA	RCT with stratification	Women <30 weeks of gestation	Fortified protein‐energy drink (473 kcal with 40 g casein)	Low protein‐energy drink (322 kcal and 6 g casein) or MMN supplements	473 mL (326/470 kcal from the treatment, 233/322 kcal from the complement drink	No significant effects on birthweight; for heavy smokers, supplements had effects to prevent birthweight deficit; high protein supplement significantly increased very early premature delivery and neonatal death (3.2% vs. 1.1%); and improved visual habituation, visual dishabituation, and the mean length of free play episodes

MMN, multiple micronutrient; RCT, randomized controlled trial.