Table 1.
Group means for perceived maternal/paternal parenting style dimensions between MA and MNA as well as PA and PNA in 13–15‐year‐old adolescents
| Maternal | Paternal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MA (n = 73) | MNA (n = 33) | PA (n = 91) | PNA (n = 15) | |
| Care | 5.07 (0.84)* | 4.20 (1.14) | 4.67 (1.00) | 1.96 (0.76) |
| Clear behavioural regulation | 4.92 (0.67) | 4.22 (0.82) | 4.81 (0.79) | 3.33 (1.01) |
| Help | 4.68 (1.20) | 3.80 (1.48) | 4.88 (1.15) | 2.80 (1.05) |
| Maturity expectations | 4.77 (0.89) | 3.79 (1.04) | 4.50 (0.98) | 2.90 (0.71) |
| Lack of punishment | 2.88 (0.83) | 2.00 (0.60) | 2.58 (1.09) | 1.67 (0.65) |
| High achievement expectations | 4.62 (0.85) | 4.94 (0.88) | 4.55 (0.92) | 4.25 (1.44) |
| Immaturity expectations | 3.37 (0.88) | 3.90 (1.05) | 3.22 (0.99) | 2.93 (1.12) |
| Psychological punishment | 2.00 (0.65) | 2.84 (0.89) | 1.88 (0.76) | 2.67 (1.23) |
| Punishment by withholding privileges | 2.50 (1.05) | 4.47 (0.96) | 3.01 (1.35) | 3.23 (1.33) |
| Harsh punishment | 1.79 (0.42) | 2.73 (0.49) | 1.94 (0.55) | 2.57 (0.94) |
| Praise | 4.16 (0.65) | 3.73 (0.67) | 3.96 (0.61) | 2.33 (0.90) |
Questions regarding the first 10 dimensions were asked using a 6‐point Likert scale (1 = never to 6 = always), and a 5‐point Likert scale (1 = never to 5 = very frequently) was used for the question of Praise dimension; the summed and averaged values for the pertaining questions were used as final scores for each parenting dimension. *mean (standard deviation). MA, maternal authoritative style; MNA, maternal non‐authoritative style; PA, paternal authoritative style; PNA, paternal non‐authoritative style.