Table 2.
Proportions of non‐pregnant (NP) and pregnant women (P) that consumed food groups and food items* by period of pregnancy adjusted for the covariate age and the fixed effect village
| NP | P | P value † , ‡ | Trimester 1/2 | Trimester 3 | P value † , ‡ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
| Total subjects per group | 176 | 218 | 126 | 92 | ||
| Cereals | 176 (100.0) | 218 (100.0) | 1.00 | 126 (100.0) | 92 (100.0) | 1.00 |
| Maize | 154 (87.5) | 196 (89.9) | 115 (91.3) | 81 (88.0) | ||
| Rice | 45 (25.6) | 53 (24.3) | 31(24.6) | 22 (23.9) | ||
| Millet | 26 (14.8) | 45 (20.6) | 21 (16.7) | 24 (26.1) | ||
| Wheat | 20 (11.4) | 30 (13.8) | 15 (11.9) | 15 (16.3) | ||
| White sorghum | 21 (11.9) | 17 (7.8) | 9 (7.1) | 8 (8.7) | ||
| Red sorghum | 6 (3.4) | 11 (5.0) | 6 (4.8) | 5 (5.4) | ||
| Roots and tubers | 15 (8.5) | 36 (16.5) | 0.035 | 22 (17.5) | 14 (15.2) | 0.75 |
| Sweet potato | 8 (4.5) | 20 (9.2) | 11 (8.7) | 9 (9.8) | ||
| Yam | 5 (2.8) | 16 (7.3) | 12 (9.5) | 4 (4.3) | ||
| Nuts and pulses | 99 (56.3) | 128 (58.7) | 0.62 | 75 (59.5) | 53 (57.6) | 0.71 |
| Peanuts | 55 (31.3) | 67 (30.7) | 41 (32.5) | 26 (28.3) | ||
| Cowpeas | 49 (27.8) | 53 (24.3) | 33 (26.2) | 20 (21.7) | ||
| Cotton seed | 12 (6.8) | 15 (6.9) | 11 (8.7) | 4 (4.3) | ||
| Vitamin A‐rich fruits and vegetables | 143 (81.3) | 174 (79.8) | 0.58 | 99 (78.6) | 75 (81.5) | 0.90 |
| Baobab leaves | 76 (43.2) | 93 (42.7) | 55 (43.7) | 38 (41.3) | ||
| Cowpea leaves | 34 (19.3) | 42 (19.3) | 18 (14.3) | 24 (26.1) | ||
| Bush okra leaves | 29 (16.5) | 37 (17.0) | 24 (19.0) | 13 (14.1) | ||
| Kapok tree flowers | 22 (12.5) | 31 (14.2) | 17 (13.5) | 14 (15.2) | ||
| Sorrel leaves | 23 (13.1) | 26 (11.9) | 17 (13.5) | 9 (9.8) | ||
| Other vegetables | 114 (64.8) | 141 (64.7) | 0.83 | 80 (63.5) | 61 (66.3) | 0.73 |
| Okra | 64 (36.4) | 87 (39.9) | 44 (34.9) | 43 (46.7) | ||
| Tomato | 48 (27.3) | 50 (22.9) | 33 (26.2) | 17 (18.5) | ||
| Onion | 26 (14.8) | 29 (13.3) | 18 (14.3) | 11 (12.0) | ||
| Cabbage | 11 (6.3) | 10 (4.6) | 4 (3.2) | 6 (6.5) | ||
| Other fruits | 22 (12.5) | 30 (13.8) | 0.65 | 15 (11.9) | 15 (16.3) | 0.38 |
| Lemon | 9 (5.1) | 14 (6.4) | 9 (7.1) | 5 (5.4) | ||
| Orange | 11 (6.3) | 12 (5.5) | 8 (6.3) | 4 (4.3) | ||
| Meat/poultry/fish products | 100 (56.8) | 115 (52.8) | 0.34 | 62 (49.2) | 53 (57.6) | 0.25 |
| Dried fish | 71 (40.3) | 85 (39.0) | 47 (37.3) | 38 (41.3) | ||
| Chicken | 13 (7.4) | 13 (6.0) | 7 (5.6) | 6 (6.5) | ||
| Sheep and goat | 14 (8.0) | 11 (5.0) | 7 (5.6) | 4 (4.3) | ||
| Pork | 10 (5.7) | 5 (2.3) | 4 (3.2) | 1 (1.1) | ||
| Eggs | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) | – | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | – |
| Milk and dairy products | 15 (8.5) | 22 (10.1) | 0.48 | 9 (7.1) | 13 (14.1) | 0.088 |
| Fresh cow's milk | 9 (5.1) | 13 (6.0) | 6 (4.8) | 7 (7.6) | ||
| Edible fats and oils | 124 (70.5) | 158 (72.5) | 0.82 | 94 (74.6) | 64 (69.6) | 0.45 |
| Shea butter | 83 (47.2) | 98 (45.0) | 67 (53.2) | 31 (33.7) | ||
| Cotton seed oil | 38 (21.6) | 45 (20.6) | 25 (19.8) | 20 (21.7) | ||
| Red palm oil | 20 (11.4) | 29 (13.3) | 10 (7.9) | 19 (20.7) |
*
Only food items that were consumed by at least 5% of a group are reported.
†
Multiple logistical regression adjusted for the covariate age and the fixed effect village.
‡
Statistical significance is achieved at P < 0.001 (Bonferroni correction for multiplicity).