Table 5.
Crude median energy/nutrient intake and adjusted difference of mean energy/nutrient intake between non‐pregnant (NP) and pregnant women (P)
| Nutrient and energy | NP (n = 176) | P (n = 218) | Difference of means § | CI ¶ | P value** | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median | (P25; P75)* | %RDA † | Median | (P25; P75)* | %RDA ‡ | ||||
| Energy | |||||||||
| kcal | 1994 | (1623; 2633) | 2096 | (1645; 2642) | 8.2 | [−147.8; 164.2] | 0.92 | ||
| MJ | 8.3 | (6.8; 11.0) | 8.8 | (6.9; 11.1) | 0.034 | [−0.618; 0.687] | – | ||
| Fat (g) | 30.3 | (17.1; 42.8) | 27.9 | (16.4; 46.6) | 1.1 | [−3.6; 5.9] | 0.61 | ||
| Protein (g) | 58.9 | (45.3; 78.8) | 60.3 | (45.7; 76.5) | 0.56 | [−5.29; 6.42] | 0.85 | ||
| % energy from fat | 12.7 | (8.6; 17.4) | 84.9 †† | 12.7 | (8.0; 17.8) | 63.5 †† | −0.03 | [−1.40; 1.35] | 0.97 |
| % energy from protein | 11.7 | (9.9; 13.1) | 11.0 | (9.8; 13.3) | −0.11 | [−0.66; 0.44] | 0.71 | ||
| Thiamine (mg) | 0.75 | (0.51; 1.16) | 68.2 | 0.81 | (0.54; 1.12) | 57.9 | −0.05 | [−0.14; 0.04] | 0.30 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 0.24 | (0.14; 0.39) | 21.8 | 0.22 | (0.13; 0.38) | 15.7 | 0.002 | [−0.052; 0.055] | 0.96 |
| Niacin (mg) | 7.7 | (5.3; 11.1) | 55.0 | 7.3 | (5.2; 10.0) | 40.6 | −0.6 | [−1.6; 0.4] | 0.21 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 0.87 | (0.63; 1.20) | 66.9 | 0.84 | (0.64; 1.10) | 44.2 | 0.02 | [−0.76; 0.80] | 0.97 |
| Folate (µg) | 215.4 | (139.5; 345.9) | 53.9 | 217.5 | (149.1; 336.2) | 36.3 | 0.81 | [−31.62; 33.23] | 0.96 |
| Vitamin A (µg) | 123.0 | (65.5; 226.0) | 24.6 | 117.6 | (58.5; 238.2) | 14.7 | 18.8 | [−21.5; 59.1] | 0.36 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 9.7 | (5.3; 19.7) | 21.6 | 10.7 | (5.8; 22.9) | 19.5 | 4.4 | [−2.0; 10.7] | 0.18 |
| Calcium (mg) | 458.6 | (257.5; 878.2) | 45.9 | 493.9 | (281.2; 908.3) | 41.2 | 93.5 | [−74.4; 261.3] | 0.27 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 834.0 | (640.7; 1099.1) | 119.1 | 838.8 | (638.8; 1135.9) | 119.8 | 28.6 | [−54.9; 112.1] | 0.50 |
| Iron (mg) | 38.0 | (24.9; 50.6) | 64.6 | 39.9 | (27.1; 54.7) | 21.0 | 3.6 | [−1.5; 8.8] | 0.17 |
| Zinc (mg) | 12.6 | (9.4; 16.9) | 128.6 | 13.0 | (10.1; 16.1) | 65.0 | 0.22 | [−0.98; 1.42] | 0.72 |
25th and 75th percentiles.
%RDA = median intake/RDA × 100, recommended daily allowances for adults (FAO & WHO 2004).
%RDA = median intake/RDA × 100, recommended daily allowances during pregnancy (FAO & WHO 2004).
Model‐based difference of the means (P) – (NP), adjusted for the covariate age and the fixed effect village.
Model‐based 95% Confidence Intervals adjusted for the covariate age and the fixed effect village.
Model‐based adjusted for the covariate age and the fixed effect village; statistical significance is achieved at P < 0.001 (Bonferroni correction for multiplicity).
Recommended minimal intakes of fat for adults and pregnant women are 15% and 20% of the total energy intake respectively (FAO & WHO 1994).