Table 1.

Characteristics of infants with any severe undernutrition compared with non‐malnourished infants

Profile	Cases	Controls	Unadjusted odds ratios (95% CI)
	n = 918	n = 1836	Unmatched	Matched
Maternal factors
Maternal age (Years) [a]
<20	45 (4.9)	48 (2.6)	1.92 (1.27–2.91)**	1.93 (1.27–2.93)**
20–35	800 (87.3)	1640 (89.5)	Reference	Reference
>35	71 (7.8)	144 (7.9)	1.01 (0.75–1.36)	1.02 (0.76–1.37)
Parity
Primiparous	414 (45.1)	707 (38.5)	Reference	Reference
Multiparous	504 (54.9)	1129 (61.5)	0.76 (0.65–0.90)**	0.76 (0.65–0.89)**
Education
None	29 (3.2)	46 (2.5)	Reference	Reference
Primary/secondary	768 (83.7)	1499 (81.6)	0.81 (0.51–1.30)	0.81 (0.50–1.31)
Post‐secondary	121 (13.2)	29 (41.8)	0.66 (0.40–1.10)	0.66 (0.39–1.10)
Occupation
None	123 (13.4)	232 (12.6)	Reference	Reference
Informal	591 (64.4)	1202 (65.5)	0.93 (0.73–1.18)	0.93 (0.73–1.18)
Formal/regular	204 (22.2)	402 (21.9)	0.96 (0.73–1.26)	0.96 (0.72–1.27)
Antenatal care
Yes	909 (99.0)	1800 (98.0)	Reference	Reference
None	9 (1.0)	36 (2.0)	0.50 (0.24–1.03)	0.49 (0.24–1.03)
House with shared sanitation
None	84 (9.2)	215 (11.7)	Reference	Reference
Yes	834 (64.4)	1621 (88.3)	1.32 (1.01–1.72)*	1.34 (1.02–1.76)*
Place of delivery
Hospital	406 (44.2)	866 (47.2)	Reference	Reference
Outside hospital	512 (55.8)	970 (52.8)	1.13 (0.96–1.32)	1.13 (0.96–1.32)
Infant factors
Gestational type
Singleton	878 (95.6)	1815 (98.9)	Reference	Reference
Multiple	40 (4.4)	21 (1.1)	3.94 (2.31–6.72)***	3.93 (2.30–6.74)***
Hospital admission after birth
No	891 (97.1)	1761 (95.9)	Reference	Reference
Yes	27 (2.9)	75 (4.1)	0.71 (0.46–1.11)	0.70 (0.44–1.11)
Hyperbilirubinaemia
No	849 (92.5)	1777 (96.8)	Reference	Reference
Yes	69 (7.5)	59 (3.2)	2.45 (1.71–3.50)***	2.46 (1.72–3.53)***

CI, confidence interval. Missing data: [a] = 6 (0.2%). *P < 0.05;**P < 0.01;***P < 0.001.