Table 2.
Determinants of not introducing solid, semi‐solid or soft food in infants 6–8 months in five South Asian countries (adjusted odds ratios)
| Characteristic | Bangladesh | India | Nepal | Sri Lanka | Pakistan | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 339 | n = 2251 | n = 254 | n = 772 | n = 443 | |||||||||||
| OR | [95% CI] | P | OR | [95% CI] | P | OR | [95% CI] | P | OR | [95% CI] | P | OR | [95% CI] | P | |
| Child characteristics | |||||||||||||||
| Age of child (in months) | 0.62 | (0.41, 0.92) | 0.018 | 0.54 | (0.46, 0.62) | <0.001 | 0.46 | (0.3, 0.7) | 0.001 | ||||||
| Birth order | |||||||||||||||
| First‐born | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
| 2nd–4th | 1.80 | (0.99, 3.26) | 0.051 | ||||||||||||
| 5 or more | 2.04 | (1.00, 4.14) | 0.049 | ||||||||||||
| Diarrhoea | |||||||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.70 | (0.51, 0.96) | 0.026 | ||||||||||||
| Parental characteristics | |||||||||||||||
| Maternal education | |||||||||||||||
| Secondary and above | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||
| Primary | 2.31 | (1.07, 4.96) | 0.033 | 9.14 | (2.5, 33.4) | 0.001 | |||||||||
| No education | 2.14 | (1.08, 4.23) | 0.029 | 13.83 | (4.2, 45.3) | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Mother's age | |||||||||||||||
| 35–49 years | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
| 25–34 years | 3.41 | (0.6, 18.6) | 0.155 | ||||||||||||
| 15–24 years | 5.66 | (1.2, 27.7) | 0.032 | ||||||||||||
| Mother working | |||||||||||||||
| Non‐working | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
| Working | 2.47 | (1.2, 5.0) | 0.013 | ||||||||||||
| Mother's BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||||||||||
| 18.5–24.9 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
| <18.5 | 1.08 | (0.75, 1.54) | 0.679 | ||||||||||||
| ≥25 | 0.63 | (0.44, 0.90) | 0.012 | ||||||||||||
| Father's occupation | |||||||||||||||
| Agricultural | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
| Non‐agricultural/other/do not know | 3.05 | (1.33, 7.00) | 0.009 | ||||||||||||
| Household characteristics | |||||||||||||||
| Reads newspaper | |||||||||||||||
| Almost everyday | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
| Not at all/at least once a week | 2.99 | (1.43, 6.26) | 0.004 | ||||||||||||
| Household wealth index | |||||||||||||||
| Richest | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||
| Richer | 1.64 | (1.01, 2.68) | 0.046 | 2.22 | (0.99, 4.94) | 0.051 | |||||||||
| Middle | 2.42 | (1.42, 4.13) | 0.001 | 7.82 | (3.49, 17.55) | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Poorer | 2.43 | (1.39, 4.24) | 0.002 | 4.84 | (2.34, 10.45) | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Poorest | 1.58 | (0.91, 2.75) | 0.106 | 5.72 | (2.60, 12.57) | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Religion | |||||||||||||||
| Christian | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
| Hindu | 2.77 | (1.24, 6.19) | 0.013 | ||||||||||||
| Muslim | 2.15 | (0.93, 4.98) | 0.074 | ||||||||||||
| Others | 4.24 | (1.63, 10.99) | 0.003 | ||||||||||||
| Health care characteristics | |||||||||||||||
| Antenatal clinic visits | |||||||||||||||
| 7+ | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||
| 3–6 | 1.55 | (1.01, 2.38) | 0.043 | 1.13 | (0.79, 1.61) | 0.50 | |||||||||
| 1–2 | 1.82 | (1.13, 2.91) | 0.013 | 0.64 | (0.41, 1.00) | 0.05 | |||||||||
| None | 2.05 | (1.23, 3.42) | 0.006 | 2.63 | (0.58, 11.96) | 0.21 | |||||||||
| Community level characteristics | |||||||||||||||
| Geographical region* | |||||||||||||||
| Region 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||
| Region 2 | 3.60 | (2.15, 6.00) | <0.001 | 1.33 | (0.88, 2.03) | 0.173 | |||||||||
| Region 3 | 2.77 | (1.71, 4.50) | <0.001 | 0.69 | (0.48, 1.00) | 0.049 | |||||||||
| Region 4 | 1.92 | (1.16, 3.17) | 0.011 | 1.18 | (0.79, 1.77) | 0.420 | |||||||||
| Region 5 | 1.64 | (0.83, 3.21) | 0.151 | 0.95 | (0.60, 1.52) | 0.842 | |||||||||
| Region 6 | 3.05 | (1.75, 5.31) | <0.001 | 1.45 | (0.71, 2.95) | 0.306 | |||||||||
| Region 7 | 1.10 | (0.77, 1.56) | 0.613 | ||||||||||||
| Region 8 | 0.90 | (0.50, 1.63) | 0.735 | ||||||||||||
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index. *Geographical region: Regions 1–6 in India: South; North; Central; East; Northeast; West. Regions 1–8 in Sri Lanka: Western Province; Central Province; Southern Province; Eastern Province; North Western Province; North Central Province; Uva Province; Sabaragamuwa Province.