Table 3.
Determinants of inappropriate dietary diversity in children 6–23 months in four South Asian countries (adjusted odds ratios)
| Characteristic | Bangladesh | India | Nepal | Sri Lanka | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 1518 | n = 11 536 | n = 1428 | n = 2106 | |||||||||
| OR | [95% CI] | P | OR | [95% CI] | P | OR | [95% CI] | P | OR | [95% CI] | P | |
| Child characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Child age | ||||||||||||
| 18–23 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| 12–17 | 1.72 | (1.27, 2.32) | <0.001 | 1.35 | (1.14, 1.60) | <0.001 | 1.37 | (1.05, 1.80) | 0.023 | |||
| 6–11 | 7.78 | (5.53, 10.94) | <0.001 | 6.34 | (5.05, 7.95) | <0.001 | 4.71 | (3.53, 6.29) | <0.001 | |||
| Acute respiratory infection | ||||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Yes | 2.08 | (1.22, 3.54) | 0.007 | |||||||||
| Parental characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Maternal education* | ||||||||||||
| Secondary and above | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Primary | 1.41 | (1.03, 1.94) | 0.034 | 1.11 | (0.89, 1.39) | 0.362 | 1.48 | (0.95, 2.30) | 0.085 | 1.97 | (1.38, 2.82) | <0.001 |
| No education | 1.70 | (1.14, 2.54) | 0.01 | 1.70 | (1.40, 2.08) | <0.001 | 1.94 | (1.31, 2.88) | 0.001 | 1.48 | (1.11, 1.98) | 0.009 |
| Mother working | ||||||||||||
| Non‐working | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| Working | 1.48 | (1.08, 2.01) | 0.014 | 0.71 | (0.52, 0.98) | 0.040 | ||||||
| Mother's height (cm) | ||||||||||||
| More than 155 | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| 150–155 | 1.45 | (1.11, 1.89) | 0.006 | |||||||||
| Less than 150 | 1.06 | (0.84, 1.34) | 0.637 | |||||||||
| Mother's BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||||||
| ≥18 | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| <18.5 | 1.18 | (1.00, 1.39) | 0.045 | |||||||||
| Household characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Decision making at household | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Mother involved | 1.33 | (1.03, 1.71) | 0.028 | |||||||||
| Mother not involved | ||||||||||||
| Household wealth index | ||||||||||||
| Richest | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Richer | 1.18 | (0.74, 1.89) | 0.49 | 1.00 | (0.80, 1.24) | 0.994 | 2.19 | (1.28, 3.75) | 0.005 | 1.12 | (0.75, 1.68) | 0.579 |
| Middle | 1.35 | (0.83, 2.19) | 0.23 | 1.28 | (0.99, 1.65) | 0.057 | 2.63 | (1.46, 4.72) | 0.001 | 1.79 | (1.19, 2.68) | 0.005 |
| Poorer | 2.16 | (1.23, 3.77) | 0.007 | 1.19 | (0.90, 1.59) | 0.226 | 2.94 | (1.60, 5.43) | 0.001 | 1.85 | (1.16, 2.97) | 0.010 |
| Poorest | 2.63 | (1.39, 4.94) | 0.003 | 1.84 | (1.31, 2.60) | <0.001 | 2.91 | (1.54, 5.47) | 0.001 | 2.05 | (1.32, 3.19) | 0.001 |
| Reads newspaper | ||||||||||||
| Almost everyday | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Not at all/at least once a week | 1.75 | (1.37, 2.25) | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Watches television | ||||||||||||
| Almost everyday | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Not at all/at least once a week | 1.27 | (1.07, 1.51) | 0.006 | |||||||||
| Listens to radio | ||||||||||||
| Almost everyday | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Not at all/at least once a week | 1.41 | (1.02, 1.94) | 0.036 | |||||||||
| Health care characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Antenatal clinic visits | ||||||||||||
| ≥7 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| 4–6 | 1.52 | (1.24, 1.85) | <0.001 | 1.00 | 1.30 | (1.01, 1.66) | 0.04 | |||||
| 1–3 | 1.76 | (1.36, 2.26) | <0.001 | 1.37 | (1.01, 1.86) | 1.20 | (0.84, 1.73) | 0.31 | ||||
| Unknown/none | 1.92 | (1.40, 2.63) | <0.001 | 1.66 | (1.12, 2.46) | 0.67 | (0.26, 1.76) | 0.42 | ||||
| No. of post‐natal home visits by PHM | ||||||||||||
| ≥3 | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| 2 | 0.89 | (0.65, 1.22) | 0.457 | |||||||||
| 1 | 1.44 | (1.08, 1.92) | 0.013 | |||||||||
| None | 1.57 | (1.13, 2.17) | 0.007 | |||||||||
| Timing of post‐natal check‐up | ||||||||||||
| 7+ days | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| 0–2 days | 0.97 | (0.73, 1.30) | 0.842 | |||||||||
| 3–6 days | 0.58 | (0.39, 0.84) | 0.004 | |||||||||
| No check‐ups | 1.25 | (1.02, 1.52) | 0.029 | |||||||||
| Community level characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Type of residence | ||||||||||||
| Urban | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Rural | 0.99 | (0.70, 1.39) | 0.947 | |||||||||
| Estate | 2.38 | (1.49, 3.80) | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Geographical region † | ||||||||||||
| Region 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Region 2 | 4.007 | (2.01, 8.00) | <0.001 | 1.34 | (1.04, 1.72) | 0.022 | 0.85 | (0.57, 1.26) | 0.412 | |||
| Region 3 | 1.69 | (1.15, 2.48) | 0.008 | 1.12 | (0.86, 1.46) | 0.382 | 0.93 | (0.64, 1.37) | 0.727 | |||
| Region 4 | 1.39 | (0.894, 2.149) | 0.144 | 0.59 | (0.46, 0.76) | <0.001 | 1.75 | (1.13, 2.72) | 0.012 | |||
| Region 5 | 2.25 | (1.48, 3.43) | <0.001 | 0.81 | (0.60, 1.11) | 0.188 | 1.31 | (0.91, 1.87) | 0.146 | |||
| Region 6 | 1.98 | (1.20, 3.26) | 0.008 | 2.17 | (1.55, 3.02) | <0.001 | 1.60 | (0.93, 2.76) | 0.089 | |||
| Region 7 | 1.46 | (0.80, 2.67) | 0.217 | |||||||||
| Region 8 | 0.84 | (0.55, 1.27) | 0.404 | |||||||||
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; PHM, Public Health Midwife. Minimum dietary diversity was defined as the proportion of children 6–23 months of age who receive foods from four or more food groups of the seven food groups – grains, roots and tubers; legumes and nuts; dairy products; flesh foods; eggs; vitamin‐A‐rich fruits and vegetables; and other fruits and vegetables. *Maternal education categories for Sri Lanka were: Higher; Secondary; No schooling or primary. †Geographical region: Regions 1–6 in Bangladesh: Rajshahi; Sylhet; Dhaka; Khulna; Chittagong; Barisal. Regions 1–6 in India: South; North; Central; East; Northeast; West. Regions 1–8 In Sri Lanka: Western Province; Central Province; Southern Province; Eastern Province; North Western Province; North Central Province; Uva Province; Sabaragamuwa Province.