Table 5.
Determinants of not meeting the minimum acceptable diet for breasted children 6–23 months in four South Asian countries (adjusted odds ratios)
| Characteristic | Bangladesh | India | Nepal | Sri Lanka | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 1518 | n = 10 164 | n = 1393 | n = 1920 | |||||||||
| OR | [95% CI] | P | OR | [95% CI] | P | OR | [95% CI] | P | OR | [95% CI] | P | |
| Child characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Child age | ||||||||||||
| 18–23 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 12–17 | 1.54 | (1.15, 2.06) | 0.004 | 1.46 | (1.17, 1.82) | 0.001 | 1.12 | (0.82, 1.54) | 0.474 | 1.24 | (0.96, 1.59) | 0.096 |
| 6–11 | 6.22 | (4.39, 8.81) | <0.001 | 5.14 | (3.94, 6.71) | <0.001 | 3.13 | (2.16, 4.53) | <0.001 | 3.61 | (2.71, 4.79) | <0.001 |
| Acute respiratory infections | ||||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Yes | 2.13 | (1.37, 3.31) | 0.001 | |||||||||
| Parental characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Maternal education* | ||||||||||||
| Secondary and above | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Primary | 1.36 | (1.01, 1.84) | 0.046 | 0.98 | (0.74, 1.29) | 0.889 | 1.68 | (1.08, 2.62) | 0.021 | 1.84 | (1.24, 2.76) | 0.003 |
| No education | 1.73 | (1.20, 2.49) | 0.003 | 1.47 | (1.12, 1.93) | 0.005 | 2.67 | (1.84, 3.89) | <0.001 | 1.48 | (1.21, 1.96) | 0.006 |
| Mother working | ||||||||||||
| Non‐working | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Working | 1.54 | (1.11, 2.14) | 0.01 | |||||||||
| Mother's height (cm) | ||||||||||||
| More than 155 | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| 150–155 | 1.34 | (1.05, 1.72) | 0.021 | |||||||||
| Less than 150 | 1.03 | (0.83, 1.27) | 0.800 | |||||||||
| Mother's BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||||||
| ≥18 | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| <18.5 | 1.29 | (1.05, 1.60) | 0.016 | |||||||||
| Household characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Decision making at household | ||||||||||||
| Mother involved | ||||||||||||
| Mother not involved | ||||||||||||
| Household wealth index | ||||||||||||
| Richest | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Richer | 1.26 | (0.96, 1.64) | 0.092 | 1.75 | (1.04, 2.94) | 0.037 | 1.10 | (0.75, 1.61) | 0.618 | |||
| Middle | 1.86 | (1.37, 2.53) | <0.001 | 2.17 | (1.17, 4.04) | 0.014 | 1.45 | (1.00, 2.10) | 0.049 | |||
| Poorer | 1.56 | (1.12, 2.16) | 0.008 | 2.42 | (1.26, 4.67) | 0.008 | 1.52 | (1.00, 2.31) | 0.050 | |||
| Poorest | 3.07 | (1.98, 4.77) | <0.001 | 2.32 | (1.23, 4.36) | 0.009 | 1.45 | (0.94, 2.24) | 0.089 | |||
| Reads newspaper | ||||||||||||
| Almost everyday | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Not at all/at least once a week | 1.55 | (1.15, 2.08) | 0.004 | |||||||||
| Listens to radio | ||||||||||||
| Almost everyday | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Not at all/At least once a week | 1.34 | (1.06, 1.70) | 0.014 | |||||||||
| Exposure to media | ||||||||||||
| Satisfactory | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Limited | 1.36 | (1.01, 1.85) | 0.044 | |||||||||
| Health care characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Delivery assistance | ||||||||||||
| Health professional | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Traditional birth attendance | 3.41 | (1.17, 9.93) | 0.025 | |||||||||
| Other untrained | 2.41 | (1.26, 4.63) | 0.008 | |||||||||
| Antenatal clinic visits | ||||||||||||
| ≥7 | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| 4–6 | 1.95 | (1.53, 2.49) | <0.001 | |||||||||
| 1–3 | 2.64 | (1.94, 3.60) | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Unknown/none | 2.58 | (1.77, 3.76) | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Post‐natal home visits by PHM | ||||||||||||
| ≥3 | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| 2 | 0.90 | (0.67, 1.21) | 0.482 | |||||||||
| 1 | 1.34 | (1.02, 1.76) | 0.033 | |||||||||
| None | 1.71 | (1.22, 2.38) | 0.002 | |||||||||
| Community level characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Type of residence | ||||||||||||
| Urban | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Rural | 0.82 | (0.58, 1.17) | 0.266 | |||||||||
| Estate | 2.04 | (1.23, 3.38) | 0.006 | |||||||||
| Geographical region † | ||||||||||||
| Region 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Region 2 | 3.44 | (1.82, 6.47) | <0.001 | 1.48 | (1.10, 1.98) | 0.009 | 1.15 | (0.70, 1.91) | 0.579 | |||
| Region 3 | 1.74 | (1.19, 2.55) | 0.004 | 1.15 | (0.85, 1.56) | 0.363 | 0.98 | (0.70, 1.38) | 0.924 | |||
| Region 4 | 1.30 | (0.86, 1.97) | 0.213 | 0.65 | (0.48, 0.87) | 0.003 | 1.77 | (1.16, 2.70) | 0.008 | |||
| Region 5 | 2.19 | (1.50, 3.19) | 0.000 | 1.08 | (0.77, 1.53) | 0.657 | 1.23 | (0.85, 1.78) | 0.262 | |||
| Region 6 | 2.14 | (1.24, 3.68) | 0.003 | 2.19 | (1.43, 3.37) | <0.001 | 1.80 | (1.11, 2.88) | 0.016 | |||
| Region 7 | 1.58 | (0.94, 2.66) | 0.082 | |||||||||
| Region 8 | 0.90 | (0.59, 1.36) | 0.614 | |||||||||
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; PHM, Public Health Midwife. Minimum acceptable diet was defined as the proportion of breastfed children 6–23 months of age who had at least the minimum dietary diversity and the minimum meal frequency. *Maternal education categories for Sri Lanka were: Higher; Secondary; No schooling or primary. †Geographical Region: Regions 1–6 in Bangladesh: Rajshahi; Sylhet; Dhaka; Khulna; Chittagong; Barisal. Regions 1–6 in India: South; North; Central; East; Northeast; West. Regions 1–8 In Sri Lanka: Western Province; Central Province; Southern Province; Eastern Province; North Western Province; North Central Province; Uva Province; Sabaragamuwa Province.