Table 4.
Introduction of complementary food, minimum dietary diversity, minimum meal frequency and minimum acceptable diet according to characteristics, Nepal 2006
| Characteristic | Introduction of solid, semi‐solid or soft foods rate | Minimum dietary diversity rate | Minimum meal frequency rate | Minimum acceptable diet rate | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | (95% CI) | P | % | (95% CI) | P | % | (95% CI) | P | % | (95% CI) | P | |
| Child characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Sex of baby | ||||||||||||
| Male | 73.5 | (63.3, 81.7) | 35.6 | (31.3, 40.1) | 83.1 | (78.9, 86.6) | 32.6 | (28.4, 37.1) | ||||
| Female | 65.5 | (55.6, 74.2) | 0.217 | 32.6 | (28.5, 37.1) | 0.243 | 80.7 | (77.0, 84.0) | 0.324 | 29.4 | (25.4, 33.8) | 0.233 |
| Age of child (month) | ||||||||||||
| 6–11 | 18.2 | (14.2, 22.9) | 69.0 | (63.2, 74.2) | 17.0 | (13.2, 21.6) | ||||||
| 12–17 | 43.8 | (38.2, 49.6) | 85.9 | (81.4, 89.4) | 38.0 | (32.8, 43.4) | ||||||
| 18–23 | 41.2 | (35.9, 46.7) | 0.000 | 91.7 | (87.8, 94.4) | 0.000 | 38.9 | (33.6, 44.5) | 0.000 | |||
| Birth order | ||||||||||||
| Firstborn | 76.5 | (64.8, 85.3) | 40.3 | (34.4, 46.6) | 82.7 | (77.7, 86.8) | 36.8 | (31.3, 42.6) | ||||
| Second to fourth | 63.0 | (52.5, 72.3) | 32.8 | (28.5, 37.3) | 82.2 | (78.7, 85.2) | 29.9 | (25.7, 34.4) | ||||
| Five or more | 75.4 | (58.0, 87.2) | 0.131 | 26.9 | (19.8, 35.6) | 0.020 | 79.9 | (73.1, 85.3) | 0.691 | 24.1 | (17.4, 32.2) | 0.023 |
| Size of baby | ||||||||||||
| Small | 70.2 | (49.4, 85.1) | 32.2 | (25.9, 39.1) | 82.1 | (76.2, 86.8) | 29.2 | (23.2, 36.1) | ||||
| Average | 68.9 | (59.1, 77.3) | 34.0 | (29.8, 38.5) | 82.1 | (78.5, 85.2) | 31.2 | (27.2, 35.4) | ||||
| Large | 71.7 | (58.2, 82.2) | 0.939 | 36.2 | (28.5, 44.8) | 0.718 | 81.5 | (75.2, 86.6) | 0.981 | 32.3 | (24.8, 40.9) | 0.822 |
| Diarrhoea | ||||||||||||
| No | 66.5 | (58.6, 73.6) | 35.1 | (31.3, 39.1) | 81.6 | (78.3, 84.6) | 31.3 | (27.8, 35.1) | ||||
| Yes | 80.4 | (64.0, 90.4) | 0.098 | 30.5 | (24.3, 37.5) | 0.215 | 83.2 | (77.3, 87.8) | 0.583 | 30.0 | (23.9, 37.1) | 0.715 |
| ARI | ||||||||||||
| No | 78.4 | (59.3, 90.0) | 39.6 | (30.9, 49.0) | 84.6 | (77.9, 89.6) | 35.4 | (26.7, 45.2) | ||||
| Yes | 74.6 | (54.2, 88.0) | 0.562 | 35.3 | (28.3, 42.9) | 79.5 | (71.1, 85.9) | 33.8 | (27.2, 41.1) | |||
| Missing | 67.0 | (58.3, 74.7) | 33.0 | (29.1, 37.2) | 0.316 | 81.9 | (78.5, 84.9) | 0.537 | 29.9 | (26.3, 33.6) | 0.308 | |
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Mother's age (year) | ||||||||||||
| 15–24 | 67.0 | (57.5, 75.3) | 34.7 | (30.3, 39.2) | 81.4 | (77.0, 85.2) | 31.9 | (27.5, 36.7) | ||||
| 25–34 | 69.8 | (56.8, 80.2) | 34.2 | (29.2, 39.6) | 82.0 | (77.6, 85.6) | 31.1 | (26.5, 36.0) | ||||
| 35–49 | 91.0 | (69.0, 97.9) | 0.139 | 31.2 | (23.3, 40.3) | 0.779 | 85.0 | (76.8, 90.6) | 0.706 | 26.2 | (18.6, 35.7) | 0.519 |
| Mother's education | ||||||||||||
| No education | 62.0 | (51.4, 71.5) | 25.1 | (21.5, 29.1) | 78.0 | (73.9, 81.7) | 22.5 | (19.1, 26.2) | ||||
| Primary | 66.8 | (51.5, 79.3) | 35.1 | (28.6, 42.2) | 81.8 | (75.7, 86.7) | 31.7 | (25.5, 38.6) | ||||
| Secondary and above | 93.2 | (83.4, 97.4) | 0.001 | 54.1 | (47.4, 60.7) | 0.000 | 91.1 | (86.6, 94.3) | 0.000 | 50.2 | (44.1, 56.3) | 0.000 |
| Mother's literacy | ||||||||||||
| Cannot read at all | 63.5 | (52.7, 73.1) | 24.2 | (20.2, 28.6) | 76.8 | (72.1, 80.9) | 21.1 | (17.5, 25.2) | ||||
| Able to read only part of sentence | 54.7 | (30.1, 77.1) | 31.1 | (22.4, 41.4) | 80.5 | (71.4, 87.3) | 28.8 | (20.4, 39.1) | ||||
| Able to read whole sentence | 82.5 | (71.3, 89.9) | 0.019 | 46.8 | (42.1, 51.6) | 0.000 | 88.5 | (84.4, 91.6) | 0.000 | 43.5 | (39.1, 48.0) | 0.000 |
| Mother's religion | ||||||||||||
| Hindu | 69.9 | (62.3, 76.5) | 33.9 | (30.1, 38.0) | 82.3 | (79.1, 85.1) | 31.5 | (27.9, 35.4) | ||||
| Other | 68.9 | (44.1, 86.2) | 0.933 | 35.5 | (27.4, 44.5) | 0.750 | 80.2 | (72.9, 86.0) | 0.532 | 28.4 | (20.1, 38.5) | 0.556 |
| Mother's working status | ||||||||||||
| Non‐working | 60.0 | (47.1, 71.6) | 34.0 | (28.0, 40.5) | 75.5 | (69.7, 80.6) | 29.3 | (23.2, 36.2) | ||||
| Working (past 12 months) | 76.0 | (68.5, 82.3) | 0.016 | 34.2 | (30.4, 38.3) | 0.933 | 84.7 | (81.6, 87.3) | 0.001 | 31.8 | (28.1, 35.7) | 0.493 |
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Currently married | 69.7 | (62.3, 76.1) | 34.3 | (30.8, 38.0) | 81.9 | (78.9, 84.6) | 31.2 | (27.8, 34.8) | ||||
| Formerly married (divorced/separated/widowed) | 69.7 | (62.4, 76.2) | 0.513 | 16.9 | (2.7, 59.9) | 0.336 | 86.4 | (59.6, 96.5) | 0.647 | 16.9 | (2.7, 59.9) | 0.418 |
| Reads newspaper or magazine | ||||||||||||
| Not at all | 64.8 | (56.2, 72.6) | 27.6 | (24.2, 31.3) | 79.1 | (75.4, 82.3) | 25.1 | (21.8, 28.8) | ||||
| Less than once a week | 82.1 | (60.8, 93.2) | 50.3 | (43.4, 57.2) | 90.9 | (86.0, 94.2) | 45.6 | (38.7, 52.7) | ||||
| At least once a week | 97.9 | (85.5, 99.7) | 67.5 | (53.6, 78.9) | 93.3 | (84.2, 97.3) | 65.0 | (52.1, 76.0) | ||||
| Almost every day | 0.021 | 65.2 | 39.6, 84.2) | 0.000 | 86.0 | (62.2, 95.9) | 0.000 | 50.4 | (32.1, 68.5) | 0.000 | ||
| Listens to radio | ||||||||||||
| Not at all | 49.6 | (29.8, 69.5) | 15.5 | (9.3, 24.8) | 59.5 | (49.2, 69.1) | 11.4 | (6.6, 18.8) | ||||
| Less than once a week | 69.5 | (57.9, 79.0) | 29.1 | (24.2, 34.6) | 82.1 | (78.1, 85.5) | 25.6 | (21.2, 30.4) | ||||
| At least once a week | 73.2 | (56.3, 85.3) | 38.9 | (32.8, 45.4) | 88.0 | (83.2, 91.5) | 37.3 | (31.3, 43.6) | ||||
| Almost every day | 73.0 | (59.4, 83.3) | 0.303 | 42.8 | (37.2, 48.5) | 0.000 | 84.3 | (79.3, 88.3) | 0.000 | 39.4 | (34.0, 45.2) | 0.000 |
| Watches television | ||||||||||||
| Not at all | 63.6 | (52.0, 73.7) | 25.0 | (20.7, 29.7) | 75.8 | (70.5, 80.5) | 22.9 | (18.9, 27.5) | ||||
| Less than once a week | 74.1 | (62.9, 82.9) | 32.7 | (28.1, 37.6) | 83.4 | (79.0, 87.0) | 28.6 | (24.1, 33.6) | ||||
| At least once a week | 71.9 | (48.9, 87.2) | 35.3 | (25.7, 46.4) | 89.2 | (81.9, 93.8) | 34.1 | (24.6, 45.0) | ||||
| Almost every day | 70.9 | (51.0, 85.1) | 0.618 | 52.1 | (45.7, 58.4) | 0.000 | 86.6 | (79.2, 91.6) | 0.005 | 48.0 | (42.1, 53.9) | 0.000 |
| Mother's BMI (kg m−2) | ||||||||||||
| ≤18.5 | 70.8 | (58.1, 80.9) | 32.9 | (27.4, 38.9) | 83.1 | (78.5, 86.9) | 30.3 | (24.8, 36.4) | ||||
| >18.5 | 70.0 | (61.1, 77.6) | 0.240 | 34.7 | (30.6, 39.0) | 0.783 | 81.8 | (78.1, 84.9) | 0.195 | 31.4 | (27.5, 35.5) | 0.902 |
| Family/Household characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Father's education | ||||||||||||
| No education | 64.6 | (50.2, 76.7) | 21.4 | (16.6, 27.3) | 75.8 | (69.1, 81.4) | 19.1 | (14.6, 24.6) | ||||
| Primary | 69.1 | (59.8, 77.1) | 35.1 | (31.3, 39.2) | 82.9 | (79.5, 85.8) | 32.3 | (28.6, 36.3) | ||||
| Secondary and above | 92.5 | (78.4, 97.6) | 0.039 | 58.9 | (47.2, 69.7) | 0.000 | 90.0 | (83.3, 94.2) | 0.008 | 52.1 | (41.8, 62.3) | 0.000 |
| Father's occupation | ||||||||||||
| Non‐agricultural | 63.6 | (52.2, 73.7) | 36.7 | (32.2, 41.3) | 80.2 | (75.9, 83.8) | 32.8 | (28.6, 37.3) | ||||
| Agricultural | 75.0 | (65.1, 82.8) | 28.4 | (23.6, 33.6) | 83.6 | (79.6, 86.9) | 26.3 | (21.9, 31.3) | ||||
| Not working | 93.2 | (71.1, 98.7) | 0.048 | 57.0 | (40.5, 72.1) | 0.001 | 91.7 | (82.1, 96.4) | 0.065 | 54.2 | (38.2, 69.4) | 0.001 |
| Source of drinking water | ||||||||||||
| Not Protected | 67.0 | (52.2, 79.1) | 36.2 | (29.9, 43.0) | 83.4 | (77.9, 87.8) | 32.4 | (26.4, 39.1) | ||||
| Protected | 70.5 | (61.9, 77.9) | 0.660 | 33.5 | (29.5, 37.8) | 0.490 | 81.5 | (77.9, 84.7) | 0.529 | 30.6 | (26.8, 34.7) | 0.630 |
| Household wealth index | ||||||||||||
| Poorest | 70.9 | (59.0, 80.5) | 25.3 | (20.3, 31.0) | 80.4 | (75.4, 84.6) | 24.0 | (19.1, 29.6) | ||||
| Poorer | 65.9 | (51.5, 77.8) | 27.0 | (21.0, 34.0) | 79.6 | (73.5, 84.7) | 24.4 | (18.5, 31.3) | ||||
| Middle | 69.0 | (53.0, 81.5) | 30.1 | (23.7, 37.3) | 81.6 | (76.2, 85.9) | 26.4 | (20.2, 33.8) | ||||
| Richer | 72.6 | (55.6, 84.9) | 37.7 | (31.9, 43.9) | 84.3 | (78.1, 88.9) | 33.9 | (28.2, 40.2) | ||||
| Richest | 72.5 | (46.7, 88.8) | 0.952 | 60.7 | (51.0, 69.7) | 0.000 | 85.8 | (77.2, 91.5) | 0.477 | 55.4 | (46.5, 64.0) | 0.000 |
| Health care characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Preceding birth interval | ||||||||||||
| No previous birth | 76.5 | (64.8, 85.3) | 40.3 | (34.4, 46.6) | 82.7 | (77.7, 86.8) | 36.8 | (31.3, 42.6) | ||||
| <24 months | 62.1 | (40.4, 79.8) | 35.5 | (28.6, 43.0) | 79.7 | (73.0, 85.1) | 31.1 | (24.6, 38.4) | ||||
| >24 months | 67.2 | (57.2, 75.9) | 0.313 | 30.2 | (26.2, 34.4) | 0.015 | 82.0 | (78.2, 85.3) | 0.769 | 27.7 | (24.0, 31.6) | 0.022 |
| Mother's age at child's birth | ||||||||||||
| Less than 20 | 67.0 | (50.7, 80.0) | 38.6 | (32.3, 45.4) | 79.6 | (73.7, 84.4) | 35.2 | (29.1, 41.8) | ||||
| 20–29 | 68.7 | (59.0, 77.0) | 33.9 | (29.6, 38.5) | 83.0 | (79.7, 82.8) | 31.0 | (26.9, 35.4) | ||||
| 30–39 | 73.6 | (55.0, 86.5) | 31.1 | (24.1, 39.1) | 79.8 | (72.5, 85.6) | 27.6 | (21.0, 35.2) | ||||
| More than 40 | 87.6 | (45.2, 98.4) | 0.699 | 20.4 | (9.7, 38.1) | 0.197 | 90.5 | (77.5, 96.3) | 0.269 | 19.3 | (8.8, 37.1) | 0.216 |
| Antenatal clinic visits | ||||||||||||
| None | 71.5 | (53.8, 84.3) | 24.1 | (19.5, 29.5) | 79.3 | (74.4, 83.6) | 22.0 | (17.7, 27.0) | ||||
| 1–3 | 68.6 | (58.3, 77.4) | 30.2 | (25.7, 35.0) | 79.6 | (74.9, 83.5) | 27.6 | (23.3, 32.4) | ||||
| 4+ | 70.7 | (57.7, 81.1) | 0.934 | 48.1 | (42.8, 53.4) | 0.000 | 87.6 | (83.3, 91.0) | 0.006 | 43.3 | (38.4, 48.4) | 0.000 |
| Mode of delivery | ||||||||||||
| Non‐Caesarean | 51.5 | (45.1, 57.9) | 33.3 | (29.8, 37.0) | 82.1 | (79.0, 84.8) | 30.4 | (27.0, 33.9) | ||||
| Caesarean | 76.2 | (35.9, 94.8) | 0.198 | 60.4 | (41.4, 76.6) | 0.004 | 78.0 | (59.8, 89.5) | 0.570 | 53.0 | (34.6, 70.7) | 0.014 |
| Place of delivery | ||||||||||||
| Home | 66.3 | (57.8, 73.9) | 29.5 | (26.0, 33.2) | 80.9 | (77.5, 83.8) | 27.1 | (23.7, 30.7) | ||||
| Health facility | 83.1 | (65.6, 92.7) | 0.072 | 54.5 | (47.4, 61.4) | 0.000 | 86.8 | (81.4, 90.8) | 0.039 | 48.4 | (42.0, 54.8) | 0.000 |
| Type of delivery assistance | ||||||||||||
| Health professional | 84.5 | (68.8, 93.1) | 54.2 | (47.5, 60.7) | 87.9 | (83.1, 91.5) | 48.5 | (42.5, 54.6) | ||||
| Traditional birth attendant. | 84.9 | (43.7, 97.6) | 25.0 | (11.6, 45.9) | 81.0 | (59.4, 92.6) | 18.2 | (8.6, 34.4) | ||||
| Other untrained | 65.7 | (56.7, 74.0) | 0.130 | 29.7 | (26.2, 33.6) | 0.000 | 80.8 | (77.3, 83.8) | 0.112 | 27.4 | (23.9, 31.2) | 0.000 |
| Timing of post‐natal check‐up | ||||||||||||
| No check‐ups (including missing) | 67.9 | (59.8, 75.1) | 29.8 | (26.5, 33.4) | 81.1 | (77.8, 84.0) | 27.5 | (24.2, 31.0) | ||||
| 0–2 days | 77.8 | (48.3, 92.9) | 54.2 | (43.3, 64.8) | 80.9 | (71.4, 87.9) | 44.2 | (34.0, 55.1) | ||||
| 3–6 days | 67.5 | (39.9, 86.6) | 60.5 | (44.2, 74.7) | 92.0 | (77.0, 97.5) | 55.7 | (39.9, 70.4) | ||||
| Seventh day or later | 0.0 | 0.342 | 60.4 | 41.7, 76.4) | 0.000 | 97.0 | (82.9, 99.5) | 0.051 | 59.7 | (41.2, 75.9) | 0.000 | |
| Community level factors | ||||||||||||
| Residence | ||||||||||||
| Urban | 58.8 | (38.4, 76.7) | 55.6 | (44.6, 66.0) | 79.1 | (70.6, 85.5) | 48.0 | (38.1, 58.2) | ||||
| Rural | 71.1 | (63.3, 77.9) | 0.232 | 31.2 | (27.8, 34.9) | 0.000 | 82.4 | (79.1, 85.3) | 0.398 | 28.7 | (25.4, 32.3) | 0.000 |
| Geographical region | ||||||||||||
| Eastern | 68.8 | (54.1, 80.5) | 30.6 | (25.0, 36.7) | 81.8 | (75.2, 87.0) | 27.6 | (22.2, 33.6) | ||||
| Central | 67.5 | (52.9, 79.3) | 36.5 | (28.8, 44.9) | 79.5 | (72.5, 85.1) | 31.3 | (24.2, 39.4) | ||||
| Western | 74.0 | (52.6, 87.9) | 39.5 | (31.9, 47.7) | 84.7 | (78.4, 89.4) | 37.1 | (29.8, 45.0) | ||||
| Midwest | 70.4 | (54.2, 82.7) | 27.9 | (21.4, 35.4) | 81.8 | (75.8, 86.5) | 26.5 | (20.0, 34.2) | ||||
| Far west | 73.2 | (54.3, 86.3) | 0.967 | 32.8 | (24.8, 42.0) | 0.259 | 83.7 | (75.3, 89.6) | 0.715 | 31.5 | (23.6, 40.5) | 0.330 |
ARI, acute respiratory infection; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval.