Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants
| Variables | All participants (n=1976) | Non-GDM (n=1478) | GDM (n=498) | P value |
| Maternal characteristics | ||||
| Age, years | 30.7±4.29 | 30.5±4.21 | 31.3±4.45 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index at 24–28 weeks, kg/m2 | 27.4±2.73 | 27.2±2.57 | 28.1±3.07 | <0.001 |
| No of pregnancies, % | 0.981 | |||
| 1 | 47.5 | 48.6 | 44.2 | |
| 2 | 26.3 | 26.3 | 26.3 | |
| ≥3 | 26.2 | 25.1 | 29.5 | |
| Parity, % | 0.544 | |||
| 0 | 68.8 | 69.3 | 67.5 | |
| 1 | 29.3 | 28.9 | 30.3 | |
| ≥2 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 2.2 | |
| FPG, mmol/L | 4.41±0.58 | 4.33±0.52 | 4.64±0.67 | <0.001 |
| 1hPG, mmol/L | 8.28±1.70 | 8.15±1.65 | 8.63±1.80 | <0.001 |
| 2hPG, mmol/L | 6.80±1.76 | 6.68±1.70 | 7.12±1.88 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.0±0.4 | 5.0±0.4 | 5.1±0.5 | <0.001 |
| 1.5-AG, µg/mL | 1.78±1.00 | 1.90±1.00 | 1.42±0.90 | 0.002 |
| Postpartum hemorrhage, mL | 324±181 | 318±144 | 343±258 | 0.006 |
| Newborn | ||||
| Birth weight, g | 3373±553 | 3336±328 | 3479±923 | <0.001 |
| Birth length, cm | 49.8±1.35 | 49.8±0.51 | 49.7±2.49 | 0.033 |
| Gestational age at delivery, weeks | 39.0±1.71 | 39.1±1.63 | 38.7±1.89 | <0.001 |
| Apgar score | 9.96±0.37 | 9.96±0.37 | 9.95±0.38 | 0.722 |
| Boys, % | 53.4 | 53.3 | 53.8 | 0.847 |
| Preterm delivery, % | 10.2 | 8.53 | 15.3 | <0.001 |
| Birth weight >90th percentile, % | 14.1 | 12.0 | 20.3 | <0.001 |
| Obstetric outcomes | ||||
| Primary cesarean section, % | 29.8 | 28.5 | 33.5 | 0.036 |
| Pre-eclampsia, % | 2.9 | 2.4 | 4.4 | 0.016 |
FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus.