Table 2.
Full model of the association between BCG and malaria with crude and aORs
| Item | Coefficient | SE | Crude OR | P value | aOR | P value |
| Child level | ||||||
| BCG vaccination | ||||||
| No | Ref | |||||
| BCG based on recall | −0.111 | 0.023 | 0.89 (0.86 to 0.94) | <0.0001 | 0.97 (0.91 to 1.02) | 0.21 |
| BCG based on card | −0.423 | 0.038 | 0.66 (0.61 to 0.71) | <0.0001 | 0.88 (0.82 to 0.94) | 0.00020 |
| Age (months) | 0.052 | 0.004 | 1.05 (1.05 to 1.06) | <0.0001 | 1.05 (1.04 to 1.06) | <0.0001 |
| Age (months) (squared) | −0.001 | 0.000 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | <0.0001 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | <0.0001 |
| Birth order number | 0.032 | 0.008 | 1.03 (1.02 to 1.05) | <0.0001 | 1.03 (1.01 to 1.06) | 0.011 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | Ref | |||||
| Female | −0.034 | 0.027 | 0.97 (0.92 to 1.02) | 0.21 | 0.96 (0.91 to 1.02) | 0.18 |
| Twin | 0.083 | 0.066 | 1.09 (0.95 to 1.24) | 0.21 | 1.01 (0.86 to 1.17) | 0.93 |
| Place of delivery | ||||||
| Not at hospital | Ref | |||||
| Public hospital | −0.410 | 0.053 | 0.66 (0.60 to 0.74) | <0.0001 | 0.85 (0.78 to 0.92) | <0.0001 |
| Private hospital | −0.638 | 0.064 | 0.53 (0.47 to 0.60) | <0.0001 | 0.78 (0.70 to 0.87) | <0.0001 |
| Size at birth | ||||||
| Small | Ref | |||||
| Average | −0.008 | 0.029 | 0.99 (0.94 to 1.05) | 0.78 | 0.98 (0.93 to 1.04) | 0.57 |
| Large | −0.018 | 0.034 | 0.98 (0.92 to 1.05) | 0.60 | 1.00 (0.94 to 1.06) | 0.89 |
| Preceding birth interval | −0.006 | 0.001 | 0.99 (0.99 to 1.00) | <0.0001 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.046 |
| Weight z-score | −0.067 | 0.013 | 0.94 (0.91 to 0.96) | <0.0001 | 1.00 (0.98 to 1.01) | 0.74 |
| Breastfeeding | ||||||
| Never | Ref | |||||
| Ever, not currently | −0.116 | 0.068 | 0.89 (0.78 to 1.02) | 0.088 | 0.88 (0.74 to 1.03) | 0.12 |
| Currently | −0.584 | 0.062 | 0.56 (0.49 to 0.63) | <0.0001 | 0.85 (0.73 to 0.99) | 0.038 |
| Received all other vaccines according to national schedule | −0.269 | 0.048 | 0.76 (0.70 to 0.84) | <0.0001 | 0.94 (0.87 to 1.02) | 0.14 |
| Received vitamin A | −0.108 | 0.026 | 0.90 (0.85 to 0.94) | <0.0001 | 0.98 (0.91 to 1.05) | 0.53 |
| Slept under bed net last night | −0.186 | 0.045 | 0.83 (0.76 to 0.91) | <0.0001 | 0.93 (0.84 to 1.02) | 0.13 |
| Maternal level | ||||||
| Age of mother (years) | 0.005 | 0.002 | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.01) | 0.012 | 0.99 (0.98 to 0.99) | 0.00047 |
| BMI of mother | −0.038 | 0.006 | 0.96 (0.95 to 0.97) | <0.0001 | 0.97 (0.96 to 0.98) | <0.0001 |
| Number of births in the last 5 years | 0.166 | 0.022 | 1.18 (1.13 to 1.23) | <0.0001 | 1.08 (1.03 to 1.13) | 0.0021 |
| Level of education | ||||||
| No | Ref | |||||
| Primary | −0.229 | 0.026 | 0.80 (0.76 to 0.84) | <0.0001 | 0.91 (0.86 to 0.96) | 0.00026 |
| Secondary or higher | −0.732 | 0.061 | 0.48 (0.43 to 0.54) | <0.0001 | 0.73 (0.67 to 0.78) | <0.0001 |
| Mother has partner | 0.040 | 0.045 | 1.04 (0.95 to 1.14) | 0.37 | 0.96 (0.88 to 1.05) | 0.37 |
| Household level | ||||||
| Household size | 0.023 | 0.006 | 1.02 (1.01 to 1.04) | 0.00013 | 1.03 (1.01 to 1.04) | <0.0001 |
| Quality drinking water | ||||||
| Low | Ref | |||||
| Medium | −0.213 | 0.047 | 0.81 (0.74 to 0.89) | <0.0001 | 1.02 (0.94 to 1.11) | 0.65 |
| High | −0.302 | 0.056 | 0.74 (0.66 to 0.83) | <0.0001 | 1.02 (0.90 to 1.15) | 0.76 |
| Quality toilet facility | ||||||
| Low | Ref | |||||
| Medium | −0.486 | 0.057 | 0.62 (0.55 to 0.69) | <0.0001 | 0.85 (0.78 to 0.92) | <0.0001 |
| High | −0.964 | 0.161 | 0.38 (0.28 to 0.52) | <0.0001 | 0.88 (0.77 to 1.01) | 0.060 |
| IWI | −0.004 | 0.003 | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.00) | 0.18 | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.00) | 0.50 |
| IWI squared | −0.000* | 0.000 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | <0.0001 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | <0.0001 |
| Urbanisation level | ||||||
| Urban | Ref | |||||
| Rural | 1.179 | 0.102 | 3.25 (2.66 to 3.97) | <0.0001 | 1.91 (1.63 to 2.25) | <0.0001 |
*Negative sign indicates a significant negative coefficient. Model is a multilevel model including four levels (child, cluster, region and country).
aOR, adjusted OR; BCG, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin; IWI, International Wealth Index.