Table 3.
Logistic regression analyses for cardiac conduction disturbance at 5-year follow-up in 172 patients with AS
| Univariate model | Age- and sex-adjusted model | |||
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI)* | P value | |
| General characteristics at baseline | ||||
| Men (vs women) | 4.8 (1.6 to 14.8) | 0.006 | 6.4 (2.0 to 20.8) | 0.002 |
| Age†, per 5 years | ||||
| Men | 1.5 (1.2 to 2.0) | 0.001 | n.a. | |
| Women | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.4) | 0.168 | n.a. | |
| Current or past smoking (vs non-smokers) | 2.2 (0.9 to 5.6) | 0.086 | 1.4 (0.5 to 3.9) | 0.492 |
| Waist circumference, per 5 cm | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.7) | <0.001 | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.6) | 0.006 |
| BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (vs BMI <25 kg/m2) | 4.3 (1.5 to 12.2) | 0.006 | 2.7 (0.9 to 8.3) | 0.077 |
| AS characteristics at baseline | ||||
| Symptom duration‡, per 5 years | ||||
| Men | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.8) | 0.001 | n.a. | |
| Women | 1.8 (1.0 to 3.0) | 0.036 | n.a. | |
| HLA-B27-positive (vs HLA-B27-negative) | 3.8 (0.5 to 29.7) | 0.202 | 3.8 (0.5 to 31.1) | 0.221 |
| History of peripheral arthritis | 2.3 (0.8 to 6.0) | 0.106 | 2.4 (0.8 to 7.2) | 0.116 |
| History of anterior uveitis | 5.5 (1.8 to 17.0) | 0.003 | 4.4 (1.3 to 14.5) | 0.016 |
| At least one syndesmophyte | 3.9 (1.4 to 10.4) | 0.007 | 1.6 (0.5 to 4.9) | 0.403 |
| Log10 (mSASSS +1)§, score | 2.8 (1.3 to 5.9) | 0.008 | 0.8 (0.3 to 2.1) | 0.714 |
| ASDAS-CRP score | 2.2 (1.3 to 3.6) | 0.003 | 2.3 (1.3 to 4.0) | 0.005 |
| ASDAS-CRP ≥2.1(vs ASDAS-CRP <2.1) | 2.3 (0.9 to 5.7) | 0.076 | 2.4 (0.9 to 6.7) | 0.08 |
| BASDAI score | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.5) | 0.109 | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.6) | 0.064 |
| BASMI‡ score | 1.6 (1.2 to 2.1) | 0.001 | ||
| Men | 1.5 (1.1 to 1.9) | 0.008 | n.a. | |
| Women | 1.8 (0.8 to 4.3) | 0.187 | n.a. | |
| BASFI score | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.7) | 0.003 | 1.3 (1.0 to 1.6) | 0.050 |
| CRP ≥5 mg/L (vs CRP <5 mg/L) | 1.9 (0.8 to 4.7) | 0.147 | 1.9 (0.7 to 5.1) | 0.189 |
| Cardiovascular characteristics at baseline | ||||
| CCD | 33.0 (10.8 to 100.8) | <0.001 | 24.8 (7.3 to 84.5) | <0.001 |
| Aortic regurgitation | 2.6 (0.9 to 7.4) | 0.086 | 1.1 (0.3 to 4.0) | 0.884 |
| Systolic blood pressure, per 10 mm Hg | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.7) | 0.007 | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.5) | 0.162 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, per 5 mm Hg | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.2) | 0.785 | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.3) | 0.898 |
| Reported comorbidity at baseline | ||||
| Hypertension | 2.9 (1.2 to 7.1) | 0.021 | 1.2 (0.4 to 3.5) | 0.705 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 4.3 (1.1 to 16.0) | 0.031 | 2.7 (0.6 to 12.5)¶ | 0.193 |
| Medications at baseline | ||||
| Antiplatelets or anticoagulants | 12.7 (3.9 to 41.6) | <0.001 | 6.3 (1.6 to 25.0)¶ | 0.009 |
| Antiplatelets | 12.6 (3.6 to 44.4) | <0.001 | 7.0 (1.5 to 31.8)¶ | 0.012 |
| Antihypertensives | 5.4 (2.1 to 13.6) | <0.001 | 2.5 (0.8 to 7.6)¶ | 0.112 |
| ACE inhibitors/ARBs | 4.6 (1.6 to 13.1) | 0.005 | 1.4 (0.4 to 4.9)¶ | 0.562 |
| Beta-blockers | 7.3 (2.6 to 20.4) | <0.001 | 3.4 (1.0 to 11.5)¶ | 0.045 |
| DMARDs | 0.5 (0.2 to 1.4) | 0.162 | 0.5 (0.2 to 1.5) | 0.206 |
| TNF inhibitors | 0.3 (0.1 to 1.6) | 0.169 | 0.3 (0.1 to 1.7) | 0.189 |
| csDMARDs | 0.6 (0.2 to 1.7) | 0.316 | 0.6 (0.2 to 1.8) | 0.356 |
| NSAIDs | 1.0 (0.4 to 3.0) | 0.965 | 1.4 (0.4 to 4.3) | 0.583 |
Univariate and age- and sex-adjusted logistic regression analyses presented as OR (95% CI) for each baseline variable, CCD at follow-up (yes/no) as dependent variable.
*The variable sex (men vs women) is adjusted for age only.
†ORs for age are stratified by sex.
‡High correlation was noted between age and symptom duration, in men between age and BASMI. The ORs for symptom duration and BASMI are therefore stratified by sex and not age- and sex-adjusted.
§Due to skewness of distribution, mSASSS +1 was log-transformed.
¶None (antiplatelets or anticoagulants) or less than five positive observations (hyperlipidaemia, antihypertensives with subcategories) in patients below 50 years of age at baseline.
ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers;AS, ankylosing spondylitis; ASDAS-CRP, AS Disease Activity Score-C reactive protein; BASDAI, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index; BASFI, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index; BASMI, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index;BMI, body mass index; CCD, cardiac conduction disturbance; CRP, C reactive protein; csDMARDs, conventional synthetic DMARDs; DMARDs, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs;HLA-B27, human leukocyte antigen-B27; mSASSS, modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spinal Score; n.a., not applicable; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; TNF, tumour necrosis factor.