Table 3.
Crude and adjusted risk for ESKD, CVD, and all-cause death, according to the severity scale of diabetic retinopathy, among patients with diabetic retinopathy, as compared with patients with no diabetic retinopathy
| ESKD | CVD | All-cause death | ||||||||||
| Model | Mild NPDR | Moderate NPDR | Severe NPDR | PDR | Mild NPDR | Moderate NPDR | Severe NPDR | PDR | Mild NPDR | Moderate NPDR | Severe NPDR | PDR |
| 1 | 1.35 (0.49 to 3.76) p=0.57 |
2.89 (1.42 to 5.86) p=0.003 |
5.00 (2.63 to 9.52) p<0.001 |
5.32 (2.89 to 9.78) p<0.001 |
1.17 (0.31 to 4.39) p=0.81 |
2.26 (0.93 to 5.52) p=0.072 |
1.22 (0.47 to 3.19) p=0.69 |
1.55 (0.67 to 3.60) p=0.31 |
1.44 (0.55 to 3.77) p=0.46 |
0.50 (0.16 to 1.53) p=0.22 |
0.84 (0.36 to 1.96) p=0.69 |
0.60 (0.26 to 1.39) p=0.23 |
| 2 | 1.53 (0.53 to 4.37) p=0.43 |
3.12 (1.49 to 6.58) p=0.003 |
6.15 (3.11 to 12.18) p<0.001 |
5.97 (3.20 to 11.14) p<0.001 |
1.40 (0.36 to 5.40) p=0.63 |
2.03 (0.81 to 5.13) p=0.13 |
1.55 (0.57 to 4.17) p=0.39 |
1.99 (0.84 to 4.69) p=0.12 |
0.67 (0.24 to 1.87) p=0.44 |
0.27 (0.09 to 0.85) p=0.025 |
0.74 (0.31 to 1.78) p=0.50 |
1.03 (0.42 to 2.53) p=0.96 |
| 3 | 1.96 (0.62 to 6.17) p=0.25 |
3.10 (1.45 to 6.65) p=0.004 |
3.03 (1.44 to 6.37) p=0.003 |
3.43 (1.68 to 7.03) p=0.001 |
1.58 (0.39 to 6.32) p=0.52 |
2.36 (0.89 to 6.26) p=0.085 |
2.01 (0.65 to 6.23) p=0.23 |
2.43 (0.92 to 6.43) p=0.073 |
0.57 (0.18 to 1.79) p=0.34 |
0.23 (0.07 to 0.74) p=0.014 |
0.50 (0.18 to 1.42) p=0.20 |
0.76 (0.28 to 2.04) p=0.59 |
HR (95% CI) and p values were determined for demographic and laboratory characteristics by univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models.
Model 1: univariable (no diabetic retinopathy as reference).
Model 2: adjusted for demographic characteristics (age, gender, BMI, diabetic duration, ever having smoked, and systolic blood pressure).
Model 3: model 2 + adjusted for laboratory characteristics (hemoglobin A1c, triglycerides, eGFR, and UACR).
BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; UACR, urine albumin to creatinine ratio.