Table 1.
Characteristics of women and pregnancies in three ADM use patterns presented by country
| Country | Australia | Denmark | Finland | Iceland | Norway | Sweden | US MAX | US MarketScan | ||||||||||||||||
| Years | 2006–2012 | 2006–2016 | 2006–2016 | 2006–2012 | 2006–2015 | 2006–2015 | 2006–2012 | 2012–2015 | ||||||||||||||||
| Total pregnancies, n | 114 671 | 653 659 | 652 263 | 32 267 | 590 640 | 1 081 535 | 1 253 241 | 900 955 | ||||||||||||||||
| Any ADM use, n (%) | 5665 (4.9) | 12 146 (1.9) | 17 735 (2.7) | 834 (2.6) | 9789 (1.7) | 12 905 (1.2) | 43 559 (3.5) | 45 366 (5.0) | ||||||||||||||||
| Continuous (%) | Discontinued (%) | Late pregnancy (%) | Continuous (%) | Discontinued (%) | Late pregnancy (%) | Continuous (%) | Discontinued (%) | Late pregnancy (%) | Continuous (%) | Discontinued (%) | Late pregnancy (%) | Continuous (%) | Discontinued (%) | Late pregnancy (%) | Continuous (%) | Discontinued (%) | Late pregnancy (%) | Continuous (%) | Discontinued (%) | Late pregnancy (%) | Continuous (%) | Discontinued (%) | Late pregnancy (%) | |
| % of total pregnancies | 0.8 | 1.1 | 3.0 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 2.4 |
| % of any ADM users | 16.0 | 22.5 | 61.1 | 26.2 | 62.5 | 11.3 | 25.6 | 15.5 | 59.0 | 20.5 | 35.5 | 44.0 | 35.7 | 32.4 | 31.9 | 49.2 | 12.5 | 38.3 | 32.8 | 11.4 | 55.8 | 26.7 | 26.6 | 46.7 |
| Age, years | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ≤24 | 14.0 | 23.1 | 10.3 | 8.5 | 7.0 | 4.4 | 15.1 | 6.8 | 7.7 | 9.9 | 13.9 | 6.8 | 13.0 | 9.1 | 7.5 | 11.6 | 8.8 | 7.8 | 23.7 | 34.5 | 22.6 | 6.7 | 7.1 | 5.6 |
| 25–29 | 21.2 | 31.9 | 18.1 | 27.9 | 37.2 | 19.5 | 30.2 | 34.4 | 21.2 | 29.2 | 43.6 | 25.6 | 28.8 | 33.8 | 21.6 | 26.8 | 29.4 | 19.8 | 27.6 | 33.4 | 28.6 | 21.6 | 28.8 | 17.9 |
| 30–34 | 30.0 | 24.3 | 32.2 | 36.1 | 39.0 | 33.6 | 31.3 | 39.8 | 33.3 | 34.5 | 28.7 | 28.6 | 32.8 | 36.5 | 33.1 | 34.0 | 39.6 | 32.9 | 27.1 | 21.4 | 26.7 | 38.5 | 41.8 | 37.1 |
| 35–39 | 22.7 | 16.7 | 28.4 | 21.4 | 14.7 | 31.5 | 17.7 | 16.4 | 27.6 | 18.1 | 12.8 | 32.2 | 20.4 | 17.3 | 27.7 | 21.5 | 18.0 | 27.8 | 16.3 | 8.5 | 16.4 | 26.4 | 18.5 | 29.8 |
| ≥40 | 9.8 | 4.0 | 11.0 | 6.0 | 2.0 | 10.9 | 5.7 | 2.6 | 10.1 | 8.2 | 1.0 | 6.8 | 5.0 | 3.3 | 10.0 | 6.2 | 4.2 | 11.7 | 5.4 | 2.2 | 5.7 | 8.8 | 3.7 | 9.6 |
| Missing | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Parity | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 20.3 | 26.2 | 15.9 | 45.6 | 60.8 | 32.5 | 43.5 | 61.3 | 28.9 | 33.9 | 52.0 | 28.6 | 41.9 | 54.4 | 30.5 | 41.9 | 54.0 | 31.8 | ||||||
| 2 | 33.7 | 38.3 | 30.8 | 35.9 | 31.5 | 32.7 | 33.5 | 28.8 | 33.9 | 39.2 | 32.4 | 36.5 | 35.6 | 31.6 | 36.3 | 35.3 | 34.4 | 32.5 | ||||||
| 3 | 18.7 | 21.0 | 22.1 | 12.0 | 6.5 | 20.4 | 13.3 | 7.4 | 19.3 | 19.3 | 13.2 | 24.5 | 15.1 | 10.4 | 19.3 | 14.1 | 7.9 | 17.9 | ||||||
| ≥4 | 27.2 | 14.4 | 31.0 | 6.4 | 1.3 | 14.4 | 9.6 | 2.4 | 17.9 | 7.6 | 2.4 | 10.4 | 7.4 | 3.6 | 13.9 | 8.7 | 3.6 | 17.8 | ||||||
| Missing | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||||
| BMI, early pregnancy | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||||||||||
| <18.5 | 0.9 | 2.3 | 1.46 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.72 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||||||||||||
| 18.5–24 | 41.2 | 41.8 | 20.5 | 41.7 | 37.0 | 18.9 | 15.9 | 15.2 | 11.4 | 33.8 | 23.1 | 18.0 | ||||||||||||
| 25–29 | 26.9 | 23.7 | 26.4 | 25.7 | 25.9 | 28.6 | 13.7 | 12.6 | 15.4 | 32.4 | 27.5 | 28.4 | ||||||||||||
| 30–34 | 14.6 | 17.4 | 24.0 | 15.0 | 20.1 | 25.0 | 8.7 | 11.13 | 12.4 | 16.0 | 23.0 | 24.4 | ||||||||||||
| 35–39 | 8.0 | 7.8 | 13.5 | 9.2 | 10.2 | 15.2 | 4.1 | 5.67 | 6.1 | 7.7 | 12.7 | 14.2 | ||||||||||||
| ≥40 | 4.8 | 3.8 | 11.6 | 5.7 | 4.1 | 10.4 | 1.5 | 2.62 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 6.1 | 8.3 | ||||||||||||
| Missing | 3.4 | 3.2 | 2.55 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 55.6 | 52.1 | 50.0 | 6.3 | 7.6 | 6.6 | ||||||||||||
| Smoking, early pregnancy* | N/A | N/A | N/A | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 75.2 | 80.0 | 78.6 | 82.2 | 89.7 | 79.4 | 81.0 | 89.6 | 79.3 | 76.6 | 80.8 | 74.1 | 88.6 | 91.0 | 89.2 | 97.0 | 97.4 | 97.7 | 98.0 | 98.6 | 98.0 | |||
| Yes | 24.5 | 19.5 | 20.8 | 15.0 | 8.3 | 16.7 | 16.3 | 8.4 | 18.0 | 9.2 | 8.1 | 11.0 | 7.5 | 4.5 | 7.6 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 2.0 | |||
| Missing | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 3.9 | 2.7 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 14.2 | 11.1 | 14.9 | 3.9 | 4.5 | 3.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
| Relationship status† | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||||||||||||||||
| Cohabiting | 70.6 | 75.4 | 73.6 | 53.0 | 57.1 | 59.9 | 89.9 | 95.5 | 91.4 | 84.8 | 93.6 | 87.5 | 91.7 | 94.7 | 90.4 | 89.0 | 91.0 | 86.7 | ||||||
| Not cohabiting | 29.4 | 24.6 | 26.4 | 47.0 | 42.9 | 40.0 | 9.8 | 4.9 | 8.7 | 14.0 | 5.1 | 12.3 | 7.3 | 4.7 | 8.9 | 2.3 | 1.4 | 3.7 | ||||||
| Missing | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 8.7 | 7.5 | 9.6 | ||||||
Continuous ADM use was defined as at least one ADM dispensation in the 90 days before pregnancy or in trimester 1 and at least one dispensation in trimester 2 or 3.
Discontinued ADM use in prepregnancy and early pregnancy was defined as having at least one dispensation in the 90 days before pregnancy or in trimester 1 with no further dispensations.
Late pregnancy ADM initiation was defined as a first ADM dispensation in trimester 2 or 3.
*For Australia, smoking anytime during pregnancy.
†For Denmark, this variable reflects married and registered partnerships.
ADM, antidiabetic medication; BMI, body mass index;MAX, Medicaid Analytic eXtract; N/A, data not available.