Table 2.
Antidiabetic medication class and diagnoses in women and pregnancies in three ADM use patterns presented by country
| Australia | Denmark | Finland | Iceland | Norway | Sweden | US MAX | US MarketScan | |||||||||||||||||
| Continuous (%) | Discontinued (%) | Late pregnancy (%) | Continuous (%) | Discontinued (%) | Late pregnancy (%) | Continuous (%) | Discontinued (%) | Late pregnancy (%) | Continuous (%) | Discontinued (%) | Late pregnancy (%) | Continuous (%) | Discontinued (%) | Late pregnancy (%) | Continuous (%) | Discontinued (%) | Late pregnancy (%) | Continuous (%) | Discontinued (%) | Late pregnancy (%) | Continuous (%) | Discontinued (%) | Late pregnancy (%) | |
| ADM class | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Insulin only | 46.8 | 10.8 | 90.7 | 75.9 | 1.1 | 97.0 | 72.5 | 3.5 | 60.1 | 54.4 | 1.7 | 95.3 | 71.2 | 4.7 | 80.6 | 86.6 | 10.0 | 96.6 | 70.2 | 6.7 | 46.7 | 30.2 | 1.8 | 33.6 |
| Biguanides only * | 2.0 | 81.3 | 7.0 | 8.1 | 98.1 | 1.9 | 7.9 | 93.9 | 26.6 | 19.6 | 96.0 | 2.7 | 10.6 | 93.1 | 15.0 | 1.4 | 86.8 | 2.1 | 11.0 | 50.3 | 5.5 | 28.5 | 93.0 | 6.1 |
| Other ADM only † | 1.4 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 4.2 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 6.1 | 12.2 | 38.2 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 52.1 |
| Mixed ADM ‡ | 49.8 | 6.5 | 2.0 | 16.0 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 19.5 | 2.0 | 9.1 | 26.0 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 17.8 | 1.5 | 4.3 | 12.0 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 12.7 | 30.8 | 9.5 | 39.0 | 3.7 | 8.2 |
| Recorded diagnoses§ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pregestational diabetes | 56.8 | 11.1 | 4.6 | 80.8 | 4.0 | 18.7 | 82.9 | 4.1 | 1.4 | 57.9 | 0.7 | 4.6 | 81.7 | 6.8 | 14.6 | 89.8 | 10.5 | 8.9 | 63.8 | 18.8 | 3.0 | 41.8 | 3.9 | 1.9 |
| GDM | 23.8 | 11.9 | 77.7 | 1.7 | 6.2 | 51.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 84.0 | 28.7 | 9.1 | 91.6 | 8.2 | 8.1 | 78.5 | 22.4 | 7.1 | 91.9 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 86.7 | 45.4 | 24.0 | 96.2 |
| Infertility | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.9 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.2 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 15.1 | 56.2 | 15.7 | 1.1 | 5.7 | 0.6 | 22.5 | 40.5 | 12.3 |
| PCOS | N/A | N/A | N/A | 8.3 | 36.3 | 6.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 13.5 | 8.8 | 2.5 | 7.8 | 30.7 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 21.7 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 21.6 | 0.5 | 35.6 | 62.3 | 7.4 |
Continuous ADM use was defined as at least one ADM dispensation in the 90 days before pregnancy or in trimester 1 and at least one dispensation in trimester 2 or 3.
Discontinued ADM use in prepregnancy and early pregnancy was defined as having at least one dispensation in the 90 days before pregnancy or in trimester 1 with no further dispensations.
Late pregnancy ADM initiation was defined as a first ADM dispensation in trimester 2 or 3.
*Within the biguanide ADM class, metformin was almost exclusively dispensed.
†Within the other ADM category, glibenclamide was almost exclusively dispensed.
‡Mixed ADM was defined as dispensations of more than one class of ADM in the same pregnancy period.
§Pre-existing diabetes category combines type 1 and type 2 diabetes diagnoses. The row percentages may add to more than 100% due to the individual receiving more than one type of diabetes diagnosis. Diagnoses should be interpreted with caution due to the likelihood of misclassification of recorded diagnosis.
ADM, antidiabetic medication; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus;MAX, Medicaid Analytic eXtract; N/A, data not available; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome.