Table 3.
Effect of acid stability and redispersibility on gastrointestinal hormone profiles in rats after gastric infusion of 4 mL of the three different LEs (only parameters exhibiting effect sizes with 95% HPDs not including zero are listed in this table.
| Hormone | Blood | Parameter | Median (95% HPD) | Emulsion effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GLP-1 | HPV | ΔAmax31, pg/mL | −57 (−87 to −28) | Acid instability (LE3, LE4) |
| ΔAmax41, pg/mL | −37 (−72 to −2) | → lower GLP-1 peak | ||
| Δtmax43, min | −68 (−142 to −21) | Acid instability and no redispersibility (LE3) | ||
| → delayed GLP-1 peak | ||||
| ΔAOB31, pg/mL·h | −155 (−232 to −25) | Acid instability (LE3, LE4) | ||
| ΔAOB41, pg/mL·h | −194 (−256 to −114) | → less GLP-1 release | ||
| VC | ΔAmax31, pg/mL | −19 (−28 to −11) | see HPV | |
| ΔAmax41, pg/mL | −17 (−26 to −10) | see HPV | ||
| ΔAOB41, pg/mL·h | −39 (−59 to −13) | Acid instability and redispersibilty (LE4) | ||
| → less GLP-1 release | ||||
| PYY | HPV | ΔAmax31, pg/mL | −303 (−374 to −222) | Acid instability (LE3, LE4) |
| ΔAmax41, pg/mL | −202 (−283 to −131) | → lower PYY peak. | ||
| ΔAmax43, pg/mL | 91 (30 to 162) | No redispersibility (LE3) → further decrease in PYY peak | ||
| Δtmax31, min | 60 (34 to 87) | Acid instability and no redispersibility (LE3) | ||
| → delayed PYY peak | ||||
| Δtmax41, min | −30 (−44 to −11) | Acid instability and redispersibility (LE4) | ||
| Δtmax43, min | −90 (−123 to −65) | → earlier PYY peak | ||
| ΔAOB31, pg/mL·h | −418 (−703 to −94) | Acid instability (LE3, LE4) | ||
| ΔAOB41, pg/mL·h | −437 (−737 to −228) | → less PYY release | ||
| VC | ΔAmax31, pg/mL | −240 (−332 to −166) | see HPV | |
| ΔAmax41, pg/mL | −166 (−266 to −108) | see HPV | ||
| ΔAmax43, pg/mL | 66 (8 to 116) | see HPV | ||
| Δtmax31, min | 65 (35 to 123) | see HPV | ||
| Δtmax41, min | −26 (−47 to −4) | see HPV | ||
| Δtmax43, min | −94 (−142 to −50) | see HPV | ||
| ΔAOB31, pg/mL·h | −354 (−579 to −104) | see HPV | ||
| ΔAOB41, pg/mL·h | −331 (−544 to −163) | see HPV | ||
| TAG | HPV | Δtmax31, min | 53 (12 to 99) | Acid instability and no redispersibility (LE3) |
| BHB | VC | Δtmax31, min | 35 (0.5 to 76) | → delayed TAG and BHB peak |
ΔAmax41, Δtmax41, ΔAOB41 are the effect sizes of the maximum amplitude (Amax), the time-to-maximum amplitude (tmax) and area over baseline (AOB) between the acid unstable LE4 and the acid stable LE1. All other effect sizes are encoded accordingly. 95% HPD: 95% highest posterior density interval. LE1: acid stable LE; LE3: non-redispersible acid unstable LE with solid fat, LE4: redispersible acid unstable LE, CCK: cholecystokinin, PYY: peptide YY, GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide 1, BHB: betahydroxybutyrate, HPV: hepatic portal vein, VC: vena cava.).