Table 4.
Comparing the effects of emulsions stability and redispersibility on gastrointestinal hormone profiles between rats and humans after intake of the three different LEs (LE1, acid stable LE; LE3, non-redispersible acid unstable LE with solid fat; LE4, redispersible acid unstable LE; CCK, cholecystokinin; PYY, peptide YY; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; BHB, betahydroxybutyrate; FFA, free fatty acids).
| Measure | Effect | Rat | Human | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GLP-1 | ΔAmax31, pg/mL | −19 (−28 to −11) | −3.0 (−6.4, 0.2) | Acid instability (LE3, LE4) |
| ΔAmax41, pg/mL | −17 (−26 to −10) | −2.6 (−5.4, 0.5) | → lower GLP-1 peak in rats and in humans | |
| ΔAOB41, pg/mL·h | −39 (−59 to −13) | −3 (−57, 75) | Acid instability and redispersibility (LE4) | |
| → less GLP-1 release only in rats | ||||
| PYY | ΔAmax31, pg/mL | −240 (−332 to −166) | −47 (−79, −19) | Acid instability (LE3, LE4) |
| ΔAmax41, pg/mL | −166 (−266 to −108) | −44 (−79, −15) | → lower PYY peak in rats and humans | |
| Δtmax41, min | −26 (−47 to −4) | −178 (−369, −39) | Acid instability and redispersibility (LE4) | |
| Δtmax43, min | −94 (−142 to −50) | −336 (−802, −31) | → earlier PYY peak in rats and humans | |
| ΔAOB31, pg/mL·h | −354 (−579 to −104) | −343 (−912, 522) | Acid instability and no redispersibility (LE3) | |
| → less PYY release only in rats | ||||
| Δtmax31, min | 65 (35 to 123) | 151 (−132, 599) | Acid instability and no redispersibility (LE3) | |
| → delayed PYY peak only in rats | ||||
| TAG | Δtmax31, min | 53 (12 to 99) | −146 (−352, 11) | Acid instability and no redispersibility (LE3) |
| → earlier TAG peak only in rats | ||||
| dAmax31 | −0.1 (−0.2, 0.1) | −0.4 (−0.6, −0.2) | Acid instability and no redispersibility (LE3) | |
| dAOB31 | 4 (−35, 47) | −236 (−439, −105) | → lower TAG peak and release only in humans | |
| BHB | Δtmax31, min | 35 (0.5 to 76) | 42 (−169, 216) | Acid instability and no redispersibility (LE3) |
| → delayed BHB peak only in rats | ||||
| FFA | No emulsion effect neither in rats nor in humans |