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. 2019 Nov 18;9:16982. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53684-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Autonomic nerves in Arrector pili muscles. Confocal microscope analysis (x400) of arrector pili muscle. (A) Nearly all of these fibers are adrenergic showing a staining against TH (red). Interestingly these fibers did not express NPY (green), which is different from the adrenergic fibers innervating arterioles that co-expressed NPY. This arrector pili muscle also shows a VIP positive fiber (arrows) in blue. This fiber co-expressed TH and represents a sympathetic cholinergic fiber. (B) Different sympathetic cholinergic fibers co-expressing TH (blue), VIP (green) and VACHT (red) staining can be seen in this arrector pili muscle (arrows). A few VIP fibers did not express TH and VACHT (head of arrows) and they are likely to be somatic fibers.