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. 2019 Nov 18;9:16994. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53487-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) actively growing surfaces are labeled with calcein (green) and xylenol orange (orange) white arrow. Linear wavy microcrack stained with calcein is also shown (black arrow) (b) linear microcrack stained with calcein shows discrete bridging pattern (c) thin wavy microcrack (white arrow) stained with xylenol orange. (d) tortuous microcrack stained with calcein showing a frontal zone process at its tip (white arrow) (e) linear microcrack and diffuse damage stained with calcein shown by white and red arrows, respectively (f) Microcracks deflect or split (g) as it comes across a microstructural feature (h) calcein stained linear microcrack showing a discrete bridging pattern (i) obliquely placed microcrack showing a discrete bridging behaviour stained with xylenol orange (j) propagating microcracks stained with calcein (white arrow) and xylenol orange (red arrow). Images are taken by a combination filter cube ET-DAPI/FITC/TRITC 69000 for a, e, h, i, j. FITC for images b, d, f, g and TRITC for image c. Scale bar represents 200 µm for a,b,i,j; 100 µm for e,f,g,h and 50 µm for c and d.