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. 2019 Nov 18;51(11):139. doi: 10.1038/s12276-019-0346-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — In vitro cell models have been used to express α-synuclein in oligodendrocytes. The effects of the addition of exogenous α-synuclein aggregates to oligodendrocytes have been studied in in vitro transmission models. Recent developments in stem cell technologies have allowed the growth of MSA-derived iPSCs and their differentiation into oligodendrocytes. Comparison studies of RNA, protein, and epigenetic changes in normal and patient-derived cells are ongoing. Animal models induced by the injection of toxins exhibit MSA-like symptoms, and oligodendrocyte-specific expression of α-synuclein has been achieved through the generation of tg mice and viral-mediated expression.