Table 2.
Univariate logistic and linear regression parameters for downstream healthcare utilization and costs
| Repeat CV testing [OR (95% CI)] | Inpatient visit [OR (95% CI)] | Outpatient visit [OR (95% CI)] | Cardiac-related cost [β coefficient (95% CI)] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ETT at index | 1.68 (1.49–1.89)** | 2.37 (2.01–2.80)** | 1.16 (0.98–1.37) | 42.70 (13.73–71.67)** |
| MPI at index | 0.60 (0.53–0.67)** | 0.45 (0.38–0.53)** | 0.78 (0.66–0.91)** | − 20.89 (−47.48 to 5.69) |
| ECHO at index | 1.12 (0.96–1.32) | 0.99 (0.78–1.25) | 1.27 (1.03–1.57)* | − 30.18 (−67.84 to 7.48) |
| Age at index | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02)** | 0.99 (0.99–1.00)** | − 0.18 (−1.13 to 0.78) |
| Sex [male] | 1.16 (1.03–1.31)* | 1.31 (1.11–1.55)** | 1.03 (0.88–1.21) | 47.25 (20.41–74.10)** |
| Caucasian | 1.14 (1.02–1.28)* | 1.19 (1.01–1.40)* | 1.07 (0.91–1.25) | 51.19 (24.78–77.59)** |
| Clinic admit | 0.89 (0.70–1.13) | 0.59 (0.44–0.79)** | 1.48 (1.01–2.15)* | − 22.07 (−73.98 to 29.84) |
| ED admit | 1.35 (0.98–1.84) | 2.40 (1.67–3.45)** | 0.53 (0.29–0.97)* | 17.60 (−56.21 to 91.40) |
| Transfer admit | 0.92 (0.65–1.29) | 1.05 (0.66–1.68) | 0.84 (0.52–1.34) | 24.26 (−45.68 to 94.20) |
| High risk | 1.20 (1.07–1.35)** | 2.67 (2.22–3.21)** | 0.57 (0.49–0.67)** | 48.50 (22.13–74.86)** |
| Diabetes diagnosis | 1.52 (1.35–1.71)** | 1.72 (1.46–2.02)** | 1.23 (1.05–1.45)* | 54.92 (27.50–82.33)** |
| Current smoker | 0.92 (0.79–1.08) | 0.99 (0.79–1.23) | 0.88 (0.70–1.10) | − 3.68 (−39.36 to 31.99) |
| Academic site | 1.60 (1.43–1.80)** | 1.95 (1.65–2.31)** | 1.32 (1.12–1.54)** | 39.39 (12.90–65.88)** |
| Physician (cardiologist) | 0.85 (0.76–0.96)** | 1.04 (0.89–1.23) | 0.76 (0.65–0.89)** | 7.54 (−18.82 to 33.90) |
| LOS at index visit | 1.04 (1.02–1.06)** | 1.09 (1.06–1.11)** | 0.94 (0.90–0.98)** | 29.64 (24.45–34.82)** |
| Private insurance | 0.78 (0.68–0.89)** | 0.54 (0.45–0.66)** | 1.07 (0.90–1.27) | − 13.36 (−41.88 to 15.16) |
| Government insurance | 1.27 (1.12–1.45)** | 1.79 (1.47–2.17)** | 0.93 (0.79–1.11) | 16.32 (−12.02 to 44.67) |
| No insurance | 1.19 (0.67–2.14) | 1.36 (0.63–2.95) | 1.07 (0.47–2.46) | − 78.00 (−219.64 to 63.64) |
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, CV cardiovascular, ED emergency department, ECHO echocardiography, ETT exercise treadmill testing, LOS length of stay, MPI myocardial perfusion imaging
*p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01