Table 3.
Multivariate logistic and linear regression parameters for downstream healthcare utilization and costs
| Repeat CV testing [OR (95% CI)], p value | Inpatient visit [OR (95% CI)], p value | Outpatient visit [OR (95% CI)], p value | Cardiac-related cost [β coefficient (95% CI)], p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ETT at index | 1.09 (0.87–1.36), 0.441 | 1.36 (0.98–1.88), 0.066 | –(–)– | 28.86 (−2.34 to 60.05), 0.070 |
| MPI at index | 0.77 (0.62–0.96), 0.020 | 0.70 (0.49–0.98), 0.039 | 1.03 (0.82–1.29), 0.824 | –(–)– |
| ECHO at index | –(–)– | –(–)– | 1.19 (0.90–1.57), 0.223 | –(–)– |
| Age at index | –(–)– | 0.99 (0.99–1.00), 0.186 | 0.99 (0.99–1.00), 0.024 | –(–)– |
| Sex [male] | 1.14 (0.99–1.32), 0.076 | 1.19 (0.96–1.47), 0.107 | –(–)– | 35.45 (8.53–62.37), 0.010 |
| Caucasian | 1.25 (1.08–1.46), 0.003 | 1.28 (1.02–1.59), 0.031 | –(–)– | 54.21 (27.53–80.88), < 0.001 |
| Clinic admit | –(–)– | 0.95 (0.58–1.56), 0.853 | 1.24 (0.77–1.99), 0.372 | –(–)– |
| ED admit | 1.01 (0.73–1.39), 0.971 | 1.35 (0.74–2.47), 0.333 | 0.67 (0.31–1.44), 0.307 | –(–)– |
| Transfer admit | –(–)– | –(–)– | –(–)– | –(–)– |
| High risk | 1.07 (0.92–1.25), 0.392 | 1.78 (1.40–2.25), < 0.001 | 0.72 (0.59–0.88), 0.001 | −7.91 (−36.04 to 20.23), 0.582 |
| Diabetes diagnosis | 1.50 (1.29–1.73), 0.000 | 1.56 (1.26–1.93), < 0.001 | 1.37 (1.139–1.648), 0.001 | 43.15 (15.38–70.93), 0.002 |
| Current smoker | –(–)– | –(–)– | –(–)– | –(–)– |
| Academic site | 1.23 (1.05–1.44), 0.012 | 1.33 (1.05–1.68), 0.020 | 1.25 (1.03–1.53), 0.028 | 14.52 (−13.71 to 42.74), 0.313 |
| Physician (cardiologist) | 0.77 (0.66–0.89), 0.001 | –(–)– | 0.89 (0.73–1.07), 0.218 | –(–)– |
| LOS at index visit | 1.04 (1.02–1.07), 0.002 | 1.06 (1.03–1.09), < 0.001 | 1.00 (0.95–1.04), 0.941 | 28.10 (22.59–33.62), < 0.001 |
| Private insurance | 0.78 (0.40–1.54), 0.482 | 0.50 (0.21–1.19), 0.117 | –(–)– | –(–)– |
| Government insurance | 0.94 (0.48–1.85), 0.863 | 0.82 (0.34–1.93), 0.642 | –(–)– | –(–)– |
| No insurance | –(–)– | –(–)– | –(–)– | –(–)– |
Variables included in the univariate analysis that were not statistically significant are not included in the corresponding multivariate model and are indicated by –(–)–
Model R2: Repeat CV Testing = 0.01, Inpatient Visit = 0.03, Outpatient Visit = 0.02, Cardiac-Related Cost = 0.07
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, CV cardiovascular, ED emergency department, ECHO echocardiography, ETT exercise treadmill testing, LOS length of stay, MPI myocardial perfusion imaging