Table I.
The demographic, clinical and biochemical parameters of the study population.
| Group | Covariate (p) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient (n=108) | Control (n=108) | p | Age | |
| Age | 56.87 ± 11.55 | 37.02 ± 11.56 | <0.001* | - |
| Gender (Male / Female) | 48 (44.44) / 60 (55.56) | 48 (44.44) / 60 (55.56) | 1.000*** | - |
| Duration of diabetes | 12.56 ± 3.44 | - | - | - |
| Smoking | 51 (47.22) | 28 (25.93) | 0.001*** | - |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.00 ± 2.34 | 5.61 ± 0.30 | <0.001 | 0.173** |
| Total Cholesterol, mg/dl | 200 [169.5 - 233] | 184.5 [162 - 206.5] | 0.005 | 0.024**** |
| LDL-C, mg/dl | 122.88 ± 35.76 | 114.73 ± 29.53 | 0.069 | |
| HDL-C, mg/dl | 43.47 ± 10.6 | 50.69 ± 14.22 | <0.001 | 0.859**** |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 153.5 [109 - 239] | 100.5 [65 - 155] | <0.001 | <0.001**** |
| BMI(kg/m2) | 27.52 ± 4.45 | 26.72 ± 4.7 | 0.203 | |
| Fasting Glucose, mg/dl | 162.1 ± 62.34 | 79.82 ± 6.27 | <0.001 | <0.001** |
| Postprandial Glucose, mg/dl | 232.5 [202 - 286] | 110 [93.5 - 130] | <0.001 | <0.001**** |
| ESR | 11 [5 - 18.5] | 9 [7 - 11] | 0.163 | |
| WBC (109/L) | 7913.62 ± 2081.68 | 8046.92 ± 546.06 | 0.522 | |
| CRP, mg/dl | 0.62 [0.32 - 1.25] | 0.3 [0.3 - 0.3] | <0.001 | <0.001**** |
| Albumin, mg/dl | 4.32 [4.15 - 4.51] | 4.46 [4.25 - 4.58] | 0.003 | 0.971**** |
| CAR | 0.15 [0.07 - 0.29] | 0.07 [0.07 - 0.07] | <0.001 | <0.001**** |
| GFR(MDRD) | 92 [77 - 99] | 107.5 [97 - 117] | <0.001 | 0.152**** |
| Proteinuria, mg/day | 143.5 [251.5 – 83.5] | 8 [9 - 7] | <0.001 | <0.001**** |
| Creatinin, mg/dl | 0.84 [0.72 - 1.07] | 0.74 [0.67 - 0.8] | <0.001 | 0.330**** |
| Precence of complications | ||||
| Retinopathy | 21(%19.44) | 0 (0) | - | - |
| Neuropathy | 102(%94.44) | 0 (0) | - | - |
| Nephropathy | 51(%47.22) | 0 (0) | - | - |
| CAD | 22(%20.37) | 0 (0) | - | - |
Bold values are significant at p < 0.05, LDL: Low-density lipoprotein, HDL: High-density lipoprotein, BMI: Body mass index, ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, WBC: White blood cell, CRP: C-reactive protein, CAR: C-reactive protein albumin ratio, GFR: Glomerular filtration ratio, MDRD: Modification of diet in renal disease; CAD: Coronary artery disease,
*
The independent samples t-test was used,
**
The groups’ means were adjusted for age by using parametric covariance analysis (ANCOVA),
***
Chi-square test was used,
****
The groups’ means were adjusted for age by using non-parametric covariance analysis (sm. ANCOVA).