Table 1.

Benefits from eight drugs

Dantrolene	Ca2+ release↓; memory↑; synaptic transmission↑; neural regeneration↑; neuronal apoptosis↓; amyloid load↓; BCl2↑
Erythropoietin	Memory↑; synaptic plasticity↑; neural regeneration↑; AKT activated; BCl2↑; Bax↓; pTau↓; EPCs↑; astrocytes↑; insulin resistance↓.
Lithium	Neuronal excitability↓; synaptogenesis↑; plasticity↑; IMP-ase↓; unfolded protein response↑; autophagy↑; NF tangles↓; BCl2↑; VEGF↑; TGF-β↑; activated Wnt/β-catenin↑; oxidative stress↓; amyloid load↓; mitochondrial function↑; insulin resistance↓.
Memantine	Ca2+-induced excitotoxicity↓; NO-induced excitotoxicity↓; mitochondrial function↑.
Minocycline	JNK↓; amyloid↓; insulin resistance↓; mitochondrial function↑; brain immunity↓; transmitted systemic immunity↓.
Piracetam	Mitochondrial fusion/function↑; neuronal excitability↓; synaptic markers↑; plasticity↑; neurite outgrowth↑; cognition↑; oxidative stress↓; cerebral microcirculation↑.
Riluzole	Hyper-pTau↓; cognitive decline↓; excessive glutamate release & excitotoxicity↓; EEAT↑; Aβ40-42↓; synaptic transmission↑ (downregulated genes for neurotransmission become upregulated).
Silymarin/silybin	Memory↑; dendritic spines↑; learning↑; soluble and insoluble Aβ↓; JNK↓; ERK↓; antioxidative enzymes↑; insulin resistance↓; decreased dopamine in PFC↓; brain immunity↓; transmitted systemic immunity↓.

↑ implies improvement; ↓ implies decrease.