Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Study Population (N=132)
| Risk Factors | Total (N=132) | Subjects who did not develop POD (N=91) | Subjects who developed POD (N=41) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yearsa | 70.5 (64.5–76.3) | 69.8 (64.4–75.8) | 72.7 (65–76.6) | 0.46 |
| Sex, N (%) | ||||
| Male | 47 (35.6) | 31 (34.0) | 16 (39.0) | 0.36 |
| Female | 85 (64.4) | 60 (65.9) | 25 (61.0) | |
| Years of Educationb | 13.2 ± 0.3 | 13.5 ± 0.3 | 12.5 ± 0.7 | 0.15 |
| Body mass index kg/m2 b | 32.6 ± 0.6 | 32.9 ± 0.7 | 32.0 ± 0.9 | 0.47 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, N (%) | ||||
| 0 | 54 (40.9) | 38 (41.8) | 16 (39.0) | 0.38 |
| 1 | 40 (30.3) | 25 (27.5) | 15 (36.6) | |
| 2 | 22 (16.7) | 14 (15.4) | 8 (19.5) | |
| 3 | 11 (8.3) | 9 (9.9) | 2 (4.9) | |
| 4 | 5 (3.8 ) | 5 (5.5) | 0 (0) | |
| ADL scale (1–14)a | 1 (0, 1) | 1 (0,1) | 1 (0,1) | 0.53 |
| Geriatric Depression Scale | <0.01 | |||
| >5 | 12 (9.2) | 11 (12.1) | 1 (2.5) | |
| 5–9 (at risk for depression) | 115 (87.8) | 80 (87.9) | 35 (87.5) | |
| 10–12 (indicative of depression) | 4 (3.1) | 0 (0) | 4 (10.0) | |
| MMSE (0–30)a | 29 (27– 30) | 29 (27.5–30) | 27 (25–29) | <0.01 |
| Cognitive Activity | ||||
| Continous scale (0–41)a | 13.5 (7–19) | 14.5 (8–22) | 7.5 (2–15) | <0.01 |
| Regular Cognitive Activity, N (%) | 29 (22.0) | 27 (93.1) | 2 (4.9) | <0.01 |
| Physical Activity | ||||
| Continous scale, days per week a | 1 (0–6) | 1 (0–7) | 1 (0–4) | 0.45 |
| Regular PA (6–7 days/wk), N (%) | 35 (26.5) | 28 (80) | 7 (20) | 0.10 |
| Regular PA (5–7 days/wk), N (%) | 41 (31.1) | 32 (78.1) | 9 (22) | 0.13) |
| Highest recorded MDAS a,c | 5 (3–7) | 4 (2.5–5) | 8 (7–9) | <0.01 |
| ASA score,e N (%) | ||||
| 1 | 1 (0.8) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.90 |
| 2 | 73 (55.3) | 51 (56.0) | 22 (53.6) | |
| 3 | 58 (43.9) | 39 (42.9) | 19 (46.3) | |
| Type of surgery, N (%) | ||||
| Hip replacement | 39 (29.6) | 30 (32.9) | 9 (22.0) | 0.39 |
| Knee replacement | 91 (68.9) | 60 (65.9) | 31 (75.1) | |
| Spinal surgery | 2 (1.5) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (2.4) | |
| Type of anesthesia, N (%) | ||||
| General | 48 (36.4) | 32 (66.7) | 16 (33.3) | 0.67 |
| Spinal | 79 (59.9) | 57 (72.2) | 22 (27.9) | 0.33 |
| Epidural | 41 (31.1) | 26 (63.4) | 15 (36.6) | 0.36 |
| Peripheral nerve block | 53 (40.2) | 39 (73.6) | 14 (26.4) | 0.35 |
| Peripheral nerve catheter | 38 (29.7) | 23 (60.5) | 15 (39.5) | 0.19 |
a
reported as Median (IQR)
b
reported as Mean ± SD
c
Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale
d
Defined as 21–41 cognitive activities per week
e
American Society of Anesthesiologist’s score