Table 3. Characteristics of laparoscopic simple wedge resection, classical LECS, NEWS and CLEAN-NET.

Variables	Factors	Laparoscopic Simple wedge resection	Classical LECS	CLEAN-NET (modified CLEAN-NET)	NEWS
Procedures	Operators’ role	Lap only	End = Lap	Endo < Lap	Endo ≥ Lap
	Artificial perforation of the gastric wall	Not required	Required	Not required	Not required
	Resection	Excessive resection of the mucosa and serosa	Accurate and minimum	Excessive resection of the mucosa	Accurate and minimum
	Closing technique	Linear stapler	Linear stapler or hand-sewed suturing	Linear stapler (+ hand-sewed suturing)	Hand-sewed suturing and Endoscopic closure
	Removal route	Transabdominal	Transabdominal	Transabdominal	Transoral
	Complexity of procedures	Very simple	A little complicated	Simple	Complicated
	Procedure of time	Very short	Short – moderate	Short	Longer
	Cost/Manpower	Small	Indispensable	Indispensable	Indispensable
Indications	Tumor size	≤50 mm	≤50 mm	≤50 mm	≤30 mm
	Tumor location	Any lesion	Any lesion	Except EGJ or pyloric ring (any lesion)	Any lesion
	Delle/ulceration	Applicable	Not applicable	Applicable	Applicable
	Tumor growth pattern	Extraluminal	Intraluminal	Intraluminal	Intraluminal
	Indications for cancers	Yes	No	Yes	Yes

Lap, laparoscopists; End, endoscopists; LECS, laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery; NEWS, non-exposed endoscopic wall-inversion surgery; CLEAN-NET, combination of laparoscopic and endoscopic approaches for neoplasia with non-exposure technique.